Glagolitic: What for a Script? [Блогът на Христо Тамарин][Christo Tamarin's blog]

Глаголицата: странна и чудата

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Glagolitic: What for a Script?
Just Strange and Unusual?
(everything about the Glagolitic script)

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▼▼ Click to hide the picture. (.. show&expand everything ..) (.. collapse&hide everything ..) .. to the bottom ..

1. ▼▼ The Glagolitic Script: Preface (.. HidePreface ..) (.. ShowJustTheTable ..)

The purpose of this publication is to shed light on the history and properties of the Glagolitic alphabet.

An essential part of the publication is the table of Glagolitic letters.
- Every Glagolitic letter has its line (or row) in the table, holding information about the letter,
  - including its Unicode, in:
- Many considerations and explanations are built-in in the table.

Some software tools related to Glagolitic are also provided.

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2. ►► The Glagolitic Script: History (.. Expand ..)

2. ▼▼ The Glagolitic Script: History (.. HideHistory ..)

The creator of the Glagolitic alphabet is St. Cyril - Constantine the Philosopher.
- St. Cyril was a highly educated Roman. He knew many languages.
- А highly educated Roman who knew many languages - hence he knew Greek and Latin at least.
- А highly educated Roman who knew many languages - in addition, he might know some Semitic language: Syriac, Hebrew, Arabic.
- In the 9th century, knowledge of Slavic could hardly be considered part of higher education.
- There were no Slavic-educated people in the 9th century.
- St. Cyril and his brother St. Methodius created Slavic literature, as well as the conditions necessary for the emergence of people literate in Slavic.
- Even if St. Cyril did not know Slavic from his childhood, he would have learned it because of the Moravian mission.
- Due to the great merits of St. Cyril for the creation of the Slavic literature,
  the other Slavic alphabet is named after him - the Cyrillic alphabet,
  although St. Cyril himself was not among its creators.

The creation of the Glagolitic alphabet is a personal work of St. Cyril - Constantine the Philosopher.
- St. Cyril has created an alphabet that stands out.
  - An alphabet that does not resemble any known alphabet,
  - neither the Greek one, nor the Roman one, nor any other.
- He created an alphabet with the intention of making it universal.
  - Be better suited to the Greek language than the traditional Greek alphabet.
  - Also, be suitable for Latin.
  - And in connection with the Moravian mission, to be suitable for the Slavic language.
- The strange alphabet may have threatened the Moravian mission and may have contributed to its failure.

After the death of St. Cyril first and then of St. Methodius,
- some letters may have been forgotten,
- and we do not know about them now,
- some "weird" letters may have been used
  differently from the original plan - that is also possible.
- The Glagolitic script is now considered part of the Slavic literary tradition.
  - and we now know about it
  - thanks mainly to St. Clement of Achrida.

St. Clement of Achrida is a successor to the work of his teachers,
- that of St. Cyril and St. Methodius.
- St. Clement and St. Naum remained faithful to the Glagolitic script, they did not betray it.
- St. Clement judged that in Pliska and Preslav the Glagolitic alphabet had no chance over the Cyrillic alphabet.
- So, he retired to a distant region, where together with St. Naum
  developed large-scale literary and educational activities.
- This activity is known as the Literary School of Achrida.
- Glagolitic is now known in the form that St. Clement gave it.
  - The forms of some letters have been simplified by St. Clement.
  - He borrowed ideas from the Cyrillic alphabet he had met in Pliska and Preslav.
  - In particular, he restored the Greek letters in the Glagolitic alphabet, in their forms from the Cyrillic-Greek alphabet.

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3. ►► The Glagolitic Script: Features (.. Expand ..)

3. ▼▼ The Glagolitic Script: Features (.. HideFeaturesOfGlagolitic ..) (.. ExpandFeatures ..)

◄► Disclaimer: Some texts in this section are not translated into English yet and appear in Bulgarian.

►► The Glagolitic script is unique.
▼▼ The Glagolitic script is unique.
- Both the Roman and the Cyrillic alphabets are versions of the Greek alphabet and both underwent modifications throughout their usage.
- However, the Glagolitic alphabet is an alphabet different than the Greek one..
  - There are other unique alphabets different than the Greek alphabet: the Armenian alphabet and the Georgian alphabet.
  - Unlike Glagolitic, the Armenian and the Georgian scripts are still in use for the Armenian and the Georgian languages, correspondingly.
  - The creator of the Glagolitic alphabet sought uniqueness intentionly.
  - In appearance, the Glagolitic alphabet is unlike any other alphabet - neither the Greek, nor the Armenian or Georgian.
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►► The Glagolitic script is universal.
▼▼ The Glagolitic script is universal.
- The creator of Glagolitic had the intention his new alphabet to be universal.
  - To be more convenient to the Greek language than the traditional Greek alphabet.
  - To be suitable for Latin as well.
  - And, under the circumstances of the Moravian mission, to fit to the Slavic language.
- The Roman letters G:G13:Ⰼ, H:G35:Ⱒ и Q:G27:Ⱊ have corresponding Glagolitic analogues.
- However, the expansion of the Glagolitic alphabet for Slavic needs was approached sparingly.
- E.g.:
  - There are two nasal vowels in the language but just one Glagolitic nasal letter.
  - The Slavic language distinguishes the Ѣ vowel from the ΙΑ diphthong but no Glagolitic letter for the Ѣ sound exists.
- (.. hide the universality of Glagolitic ..) .. to the top ..

►► Glagolitic follows the Greek model.
▼▼ Glagolitic follows the Greek model.
- The Roman and the Cyrillic alphabets not only follow the Greek model.
  - Actually, they are just versions of the Greek alphabet which underwent modifications throughout their usage.
- Glagolotic is a different alphabet.
- But, however different the Glagolitic alphabet is, different from the Greek alphabet,
  - it also follows the same model - the model of the Greek alphabet.
  - The Armenian and the Georgian alphabets also follow the Greek model.
- The Glagolitic alphabet follows the Greek model because:
  - The order of the letters of the Greek alphabet is basically preserved.
  - There are letters whish are not needed for Slavic and just have Greek analogues.
  - Miletan numeric notation is used.
- (.. hide the Greek model of Glagolitic ..) .. to the top ..

►► Glagolitic letters for Iotated vowels.
▼▼ Glagolitic letters for Iotated vowels.
- The creator of the Glagolitic alphabet has provided separate letters
  - for the iotated vowels ΙΑ, ΙΟ and ΙΟΥ,
  - individual letters with their own shapes,
  - completely different from the letters for Α, Ο and ΟΥ.
  - The iotated vowels ΙΑ, ΙΟ and ΙΟΥ are actually diphthongs.
  - In the traditional scripts - Greek, Roman, Cyrillic,
    the iotated vowels (diphthongs) are marked
    by a iota I before the corresponding vowel.
- The ΙΑ diphthong has the Glagolitic letter G34:Ⱑ:Iат assigned.
  - The creator of the Glagolitic script did not distinguish the vowel Ѣ from the iotated vowel ΙΑ in the Slavic language.
  - That's why no letter for the Slavic vowel Ѣ (yat, e long) was provided in Glagolitic, unlike Cyrillic.
  - Thus, the same Glagolitic letter Ⱑ was used for both the diphthong (iotated vowel) ΙΑ and for the vowel Ѣ (yat, e long).
  - Therefore, under the influence from the Glagolitic script and from some Slavic dialects on the territory of Bulgaria, the Cyrillic letter Ѣ was also used for the diphthong (iotated vowel) ΙΑ, sometimes.
- The ΙO diphthong has the Glagolitic letter G39:Ⱖ assigned.
  - Since the ΙO diphthong does not exist in the Slavic language, then this letter has not been used.
  - However, this letter participates in the G42:Ⱙ:IѪ ligature for the iotated big yus.
- The ΙOΥ diphthong has the Glagolitic letter G36:Ⱓ assigned.
  - Please note. In the Greek-Cyrillic script, the OΥ ligature marks a single vowel.
  - In the Roman script, the letter U is usually assigned to that vowel.
  - Please note. Following the Greek model, there is no single Glagolitic letter for the OΥ non-iotated vowel and Glagolitic uses a ligature as well: G23:Ⱆ. Nevertheless, for the iotated vowel (diphthong) ΙOΥ, a single Glagolitic letter exists: G36:Ⱓ.
- For the iotated nasal vowels, two ligatures are used in the Glagolitic script:
  - G42:Ⱙ:IѪ:iotated big yus
    - is a ligature of the iotated letter G39:Ⱖ:IO followed by the G38:Ⱕ:nasal mark.
  - G40:Ⱗ:IѦ:iotated little yus
    - is a ligature of the letter G06:Ⰵ:Е followed by the G38:Ⱕ:nasal mark.
- There is no Glagolitic letter assigned to the diphthong (iotated vowel) ΙΕ which exists in the Greek language.
  - Perhaps, that letter was forgotten and lost,
  - since it is not needed for Slavic.
  - Although there is a letter for the G40:Ⱗ:IѦ:iotated little jus,
  - which the Slavic language also did not need.
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►► Glagolitic letters for the I vowel.
▼▼ Glagolitic letters for the I vowel.
- There were two letters in the Greek alphabet for the I vowel: Η:Ητα:Heta and Ι:Ιωτα:Ιota.
  - In the 9th century AD, these two Greek letters Η и Ι sounded identically.
  - Which letter to use - this choice was based on the tradition and therefore based on the etymology.
  - In the 9th century AD, the Greek letter Υ:Υψιλον:Ypsilon still had different sounding than Η and Ι.
  - In the Greek script, the letter Ι:Ιωτα:Ιota participates in some digraphs and diphthongs.
  - In the Greek script, some diacritics are used, and many of them are related to the letter Ι:Ιωτα:Ιota.
  - For the next considerations, the "diaeresis" diacritic mark is important.
  - Ι:Ιωτα:ΙotaWithDiaeresis - ϊ - means that this Ιota does not participate in any digraph or diphthong,
  - it is just a Ιota which denotes the I vowel.
  - Ι:Ιωτα:ΙotaWithDiaeresis - ϊ - was often used.
- Thus, in the Cyrillic alphabet, there were two or three letters for the I vowel.
  - The Cyrillic alphabet consists of the Greek alphabet with an addition of 11 letters - you should know that.
  - In both Greek and Cyrillic, the letters for the I vowel were handled in the same way.
  - There were three such letters: Heta, Iota, and ΙotaWithDiaeresis.
  - If the ΙotaWithDiaeresis letter is not counted separately,
  - then Cyrillic has two letters for the I vowel.
  - In Cyrillic and for Slavic, there was no rule which letter to use: Η:Ητα:Heta or Ι:Ιωτα:Ιota.
- The Glagolitic alphabet also has two or three letters for the I vowel.
  - In this respect, Glagolitic follows Cyrillic.
  - This may have been imposed by St. Clement of Achrida.
  - Three positions are assigned to Glagolitic letters for the I vowel in Unicode:
    - G10:Ⰹ: probably corresponds to the Ι:Ιωτα:ΙotaWithDiaeresis.
    - G11:Ⰺ: probably corresponds to the Ι:Ιωτα:Ιota.
    - G12:Ⰻ: probably corresponds to the Η:Ητα:Heta.
  - The Miletan value of G12:Ⰻ:Heta is 20, that of G11:Ⰺ:Iota and G10:Ⰹ:ΙotaWD is 10.
  - Some people may have thought that Glagolitic had just two letters for the I vowel.
  - Some people may have ignored the Ⰹ:Ιωτα:ΙotaWithDiaeresis as a separate letter.
  - Moreover, the G11:Ⰺ:Ιota and the G10:Ⰹ:ΙotaWithDiaeresis look similar.
  - Same as in Cyrillic, no rule existed which letter to use: Ⰻ:Η:Ητα:Heta or Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Ιota.
  - Now, we do not know exactly
    neither the alphabet order of the three Glagolitic letters for the I vowel
    nor their correspondence to the Cyrillic letters.
    And this is of no importance now.
  - The table is ordered according to the Unicode.
- (.. hide the Glagolitic letters for the I vowel ..) .. to the top ..

►► Glagolitic letters for nasal vowels.
▼▼ Glagolitic letters for nasal vowels.
- In OCS* (OldCommonSlavic) or OldВulgarian, there were two nasal vowels, two "yuses":
  - little yus or front nasal, and
  - big yus or back nasal.
- In the Cyrillic alphabet, there were two letters for these two nasals:
  - Ѧ: little yus or front nasal, and
  - Ѫ: big yus or back nasal.
  - Ѧ: little yus
  - In the Bulgarian language, the little yus changed its sounding and merged into the Е vowel.
  - Thus, there was no need for this letter in modern Bulgarian.
  - In Russia, the little yus changed its shape to Я in printing,
  - and its Russian pronunciation as ΙΑ was established for this letter.
  - Ѫ: big yus
  - In Russian, the big yus changed its sounding and merged into
    the U vowel (U: Roman notation, У: modern Cyrillic, ΟΥ: old Cyrillic).
  - As a result, the big yus Ѫ was not used in Church Slavonic.
  - and was replaced either by the digraph ΟΥ or by the iotated letter Ю.
  - In most Bulgarian dialects, the big yus changed its sounding and merged into the Ъ vowel.
  - In the beginning of the 19th century, in Bulgaria, people did not know which Cyrillic letter to use for the Ъ vowel.
  - The letter Ѫ, the big yus, was taken from the Romanian (Wallachian) Cyrillic alphabet, and put into usage.
  - By the end of the 19th century, a suitable orthography for the Ъ vowel was established
  - using two letters Ъ (big er) and Ѫ (big yus) according to the etymology.
  - I am trying to conform to that orthography of the Ъ vowel in my texts in Bulgarian.
  - In 1945, communists camouflaged in the so called Patriotic Front (ОФ), banned the Ѫ letter.
  - I have restored it for myself.
- In the Glagolitic script, nasal vowels are marked in different way.
  - There is just one nasal letter in Glagolitic:
    - the G38:Ⱕ:nasal mark.
  - If used by itself, the G38:Ⱕ:nasal mark
    denotes the G37:Ⱔ:Ѧ:little yus, the front nasal vowel.
    - In fact, the G37:Ⱔ:Ѧ:little yus and the G38:Ⱕ:nasal mark are the same letter.
    - Unicode assigns two positions for them
    - and that's why there are two rows in the table.
  - The G38:Ⱕ:nasal mark is used to terminate ligatures for other nasals:
    - The G41:Ⱘ:Ѫ:big yus,
      - is a ligature: the nasal mark after the letter G18:Ⱁ:О.
    - The G42:Ⱙ:IѪ:iotated big yus,
      - is a ligature: the nasal mark after the iotated letter G39:Ⱖ:ΙΟ.
    - The G40:Ⱗ:IѦ:iotated little yus,
      - is a ligature: the nasal mark after the letter G06:Ⰵ:Е
      - [Unneeded letter-ligature]
  - The order of the nasal letters-ligatures in the Glagolitic alphabet is not exactly known
    and actually does not matter.
  - The table is ordered according to the Unicode.
- (.. hide the Glagolitic letters for nasal vowels ..) .. to the top ..

►► "Mysterious" Glagolitic letters.
▼▼ "Mysterious" Glagolitic letters.
- It has been already said that there are
  three "mysterious" letters in the Glagolitic script
  without Cyrillic analogues and hence unneeded for Slavic.
  By design, they are perhaps to correspond to the G-H-Q Roman letters.
  - G13:Ⰼ:G:Герв:Gerv (the only in use)
  - G35:Ⱒ:H:Хълм:Holm
  - G27:Ⱊ:Q:[?Пѣ:Pe?]
- More info is provided at the above links to the table rows.
- These three "mysterious" Glagolitic letters were not necessary for the Slavic language.
  Therefore, Cyrillic makes no mention of them.
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►► Cyrillic to Glagolitic influence.
▼▼ Cyrillic to Glagolitic influence.
- There must be something in common between the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets.
  - At first, the Glagolitic script follows the Greek model, while the old Cyrillic alphabet is the same as the Greek alphabet with 11 additional letters.
  - At second, Cyrillic and Glagolitic have the Slavic language in common: the 11 additional Cyrillic letters are to meet the need of the Slavic language while the Glagolitic script was applied to Slavic only.
- Nevertheless, more specific influences from Cyrillic to Glagolitic will be discussed here.
- Please refer to the chapter about the history of the Glagolitic script.
  - St. Cyril, the creator of Glagolitic, did not know about Cyrillic.
  - The Glagolitic alphabet was created independently of Cyrillic.
  - However, in the following decades, disciples of St. Cyril and St. Methodius became acquainted with the Cyrillic alphabet and improved the Glagolitic script.
- St. Clement, St. Naum and the Literary School of Achrida are meant here.
- The shapes of some letters have been simplified.
- Probably, the Glagolitic alphabet is now known to us in the form after its revision by St. Clement.
- Ideas and practices were borrowed from Cyrillic to Glagolitic.
  - Letters needed for Greek which were missing or forgotten at the time were restored in their forms of Greek and Cyrillic: G24:Ⱇ:Φι, G26:Ⱉ:Ωμεγα, G43:Ⱚ:Θητα.
  - Probably, the letter G31:Ⱎ:Ша was also borrowed from Cyrillic.
  - For the ligature G28:Ⱋ:Ща stands the same.
  - The presence of three Glagolitic letters for the I vowel and the practice of their usage are probably borrowed from Cyrillic.
  - The practice of usage of the letter G26:Ⱉ:Ωμεγα was borrowed from Cyrillic as well.
  - There is a probablity, a low probablity, the logature G23:Ⱆ:ΟΥ:Ομικρον+Υψιλον:Оукъ to have been also borrowed from Cyrillic and to have replace an earlier Glagolitic letter which is now unknown to us.
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►► Glagolitic to Cyrillic influence.
▼▼ Glagolitic to Cyrillic influence.
- It's more likely that letter names (азъ, боукъı, вѣди, ..) in both Slavic alphabets have their origin in Glagolitic and then borrowed to Cyrillic.
- The influence of Glagolitic onto Cyrillic occured when many books had to be transliterated from Glagolitic to Cyrillic.
- The main part of that influence was the idea of separate letters for the iotated vowels.
  - In Cyrillic, this idea has never been fully implemented.
  - The first result was the Cyrillic letter Ю.
    - The trigraph ligature ΙΟΥ which was used to denote the ΙU diphthong (ΙU: Roman notation), was simplified to the digraph ligature ΙΟ that got the statute of a separate Cyrillic letter Ю.
    - It was possible to simplify ΙΟΥ to ΙΟ because there was no ΙΟ diphthong in the Slavic language.
    - Such a Slavic diphthong did not exist at that time, it does now.
    - Ю is a Cyrillic letter too handy and convenient.
  - Regretfully, there were no other good results besides Ю.
  - In Bulgaria, where the transliteration Glagolitic to Cyrillic took mainly place,
  - following the Glagolitic script and the Glagolitic letter G34:Ⱑ:Ιат
  - the Cyrillic letter Ѣ was used not only for the Ѣ vowel but also for the diphthong ΙА.
  - In Russia, the diphthong ΙА was denoted by the Cyrillic letter Ѧ which was designed for the little yus.
  - It happened in that way since the little yus vowel had changed to the diphthong ΙА in East Slavic.
  - In the printing fonts, the old shape Ѧ changed to the modern shape Я.
  - The two letters Ю and Я are very important in the modern Cyrillic alphabet as used for Russian, Bulgarian and Ukrainian.
  - However, in the modern Russo-Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet, Ю and Я are the only iotated letters.
  - No more iotated letters are necessary for the Russian language.
  - In Russian, there is a perfect solution with the Ё letter.
  - However, in the modern Bulgarian language, there are four iotated diphthongs: ΙU, ΙA, ΙО and ΙЪ, and only two Cyrillic letters are provided: Ю and Я.
  - Bulgarian needs Cyrillic letters for ΙО and ΙЪ.
  - Moreover, the use of the Я letter in Bulgarian is quite controversial.
  - Anyway. This publication is about Glagolitic
  - Details on Cyrillic are off-topic here.
- In the 19th century, the idea of letters for iotated vowels has been completely eliminated from the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet.
- The Glagolitic letter G13:Ⰼ:G:Герв:Gerv is the source of a new letter in the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet - the letter ђ.
  - The Serbian Cyrillic letter ђ is used for a specific soft consonant in Serbian, heard as дж by Bulgarians.
  - Most occurrences of the Glagolitic letter G13:Ⰼ:G:Герв:Gerv were in the word ЕΥAΝⰌΕΛΙΕ (Gospel), including the titles of the books.
  - In this word, if pronounced by an Italian (It. [e]vangelo), the sound дж is heard.
  - In this way, the Serbian Cyrillic letter ђ emerged.
  - In Serbian, that letter is often used at the places of Proto-Slavic *-dj-.
  - In Bulgarian, at the places of Proto-Slavic *-dj-, the sound combination жд appears.
  - In Bulgarian, both sound combinations шт and жд appear at the places of Proto-Slavic *-tj- and *-dj-.
  - There is a handy letter for шт in Bulgarian - this is щ, and a similar letter for жд is missing.
  - Just for myself, I have borrowed the Serbian Cyrillic letter ђ and I use it for жд in my texts in Bulgarian.
- (.. hide Glagolitic to Cyrillic influence ..) .. to the top ..

►► In conclusion: the Ⰼ:Герв:Gerv letter is the symbol of the Glagolitic alphabet.
▼▼ In conclusion: the Ⰼ:Герв:Gerv letter is the symbol of the Glagolitic alphabet.
- In the title itself, the Glagolitic script is called strange and unusual. Perhaps, it is also fanciful, queer, freakish, quaint, cranky, weird, mysterious.
- The G13:Ⰼ:G:Герв:Gerv letter is one of the three strange and "mysterious" Glagolitic letters without Cyrillic counterparts.
- Not having Cyrillic counterparts means not needed.
- In the table, please read the additional explanation row for the G13:Ⰼ:G:Герв:Gerv letter, and you shall see:
  - Among the three strange and mysterious Glagolitic letters, G13:Ⰼ:G:Герв:Gerv is the only one having some use.
  - Used in Greek words only, however.
  - Used in Greek words which had strange sounding.
  - Used in Greek words which had strange sounding, strange for Greek people.
  - Used in Greek words which had strange sounding, strange for Slavophones as well.
  - Although nothing Slavic existed in the creation and in the value of this Glagolitic letter,
  - pan-Slavists and Macedonists try to assign the letter some Slavic meaning.
- Nothing Slavic was assigned to this letter by the creator of the Glagolitic script, actually.
- Сircumstances demanded the Glagolitic script to be applied to the Slavic language. However, the creator of Glagolitic did not initially assigned nothing Slavic since he was stuck to universality.
- Thus, the Ⰼ:Герв:Gerv letter is the symbol of the Glagolitic alphabet,
- while this alphabet is the symbol of oddity.
- By misunderstanding, both the Ⰼ:Герв:Gerv letter and the Glagolitic alphabet itself are sometimes assigned Slavic adherence.
- (.. hide the conclusion ..) .. to the top ..

►► Click here if the table below is not displayed.
▼▼ The table below should be displayed now.
- Every column of the table has an explanation row.
  - Click here to display all the column explanation rows.
  - Click here to hide all the column explanation rows.
- Every letter row of the table also has an explanation row.
  - Click here to display all the letter explanation rows.
  - Click here to hide all the letter explanation rows.
- Disclaimer: Some explanation rows in the below table are not translated into English yet and appear in Bulgarian.

(.. ShowTheTable ..) (.. HideFeaturesOfGlagolitic ..) .. to the top ..

4. ►► The Table of the Glagolitic letters (.. show it ..) (.. show the table only ..) .. to the top ..

4. ▼▼ The Table of the Glagolitic letters (.. HideTheTable ..)

►►

Reference

Glagolitic UC Shape

Glagolitic LC Shape

Name of the letter

Cyrillic Counterpart

Greek Counterpart

Roman Counterpart

Numerical Value

Remark

Етикет

Глаголическа голѣ̋ма буква

Глаголическа малка буква

Наименование на буквата

Съотвѣтствие в кирилицата

Съотвѣтна гръцка буква

Съотвѣтна латинска буква

Числена стойност

Забѣлѣжка

►►

[G01]

Ⰰ

ⰰ

Азъ

Α:Αλφα:Алфа

►►

[G02]

Ⰱ

ⰱ

Боукъı

[Бета]

►►

[G03]

Ⰲ

ⰲ

Вѣди

Β:Βητα:Вита

►►

[G04]

Ⰳ

ⰳ

Глаголи

Γ:Γαμμα:Гама

[G13:Ⰼ is an alternative]

►►

[G05]

Ⰴ

ⰴ

Добро

Δ:Δελτα:Делта

►►

[G06]

Ⰵ

ⰵ

Есть

Ε:Εψιλον:Епсилон

►►

[G07]

Ⰶ

ⰶ

Живѣте

►►

[G08]

Ⰷ

ⰷ

Sѣло

[An alternative of G09:Ⰸ]

►►

[G09]

Ⰸ

ⰸ

Землıа

Ζ:Ζητα:Зита

[G08:Ⰷ is an alternative]

►►

[G10]

Ⰹ

ⰹ

Иже

[ ϊ ]

[A letter for the I vowel]

►►

[G11]

Ⰺ

ⰺ

Иже

Ι:Ιωτα:Ιота

[A letter for the I vowel]

►►

[G12]

Ⰻ

ⰻ

Иже

Η:Ητα:Ита

[A letter for the I vowel]

►►

[G13]

Ⰼ

ⰼ

[герв]

[An alternative of G04:Ⰳ]

►►

[G14]

Ⰽ

ⰽ

Како

K:Kαππα:Капа

►►

[G15]

Ⰾ

ⰾ

Λюдıе

Λ:Λαμβδα:Λамбда

►►

[G16]

Ⰿ

ⰿ

Мъıслите

Μ:Μυ:Ми

[Too hard to write]

►►

[G17]

Ⱀ

ⱀ

Νашь

Ν:Νυ:Νи

►►

[G18]

Ⱁ

ⱁ

Онъ

Ο:Ομικρον:Омикрон

[G26:Ⱉ is an alternative][Participates in ligatures]

►►

[G19]

Ⱂ

ⱂ

Покои

Π:Πι:Пи

►►

[G20]

Ⱃ

ⱃ

Рьци

Ρ:Ρω:Ро

100

►►

[G21]

Ⱄ

ⱄ

Слово

С:Σιγμα:Сигма

200

►►

[G22]

Ⱅ

ⱅ

Тврьдо

Τ:Ταυ:Тау̌

300

►►

[G23]

Ⱆ

ⱆ

Оукъ

ОУ,У

ΟΥ:ΟμικρονΥψιλον

[U]

400

[ΟΥ: a Greek model ligature]

►►

[G24]

Ⱇ

ⱇ

Фрьтъ (ферт)

Φ:Φι:Фи

500

[Used in Greek words only]

►►

[G25]

Ⱈ

ⱈ

Хѣръ

Χ:Χι:Хи

600

►►

[G26]

Ⱉ

ⱉ

Отъ

Ω:Ωμεγα:ωмега

700

[An alternative of G18:Ⱁ]

►►

[G27]

Ⱊ

ⱊ

[пѣ]

[Q]

[800]

[Mystery]

►►

[G28]

Ⱋ

ⱋ

Ща

[800]

[ШТ: a Cyrillic model ligature]

►►

[G29]

Ⱌ

ⱌ

Ци

900

►►

[G30]

Ⱍ

ⱍ

Чрьвь

►►

[G31]

Ⱎ

ⱎ

Ша

[The letter with the simplest shape]

►►

[G32]

Ⱏ

ⱏ

Еръ [голѣ̋м]

[Participates in the ЪI diphthong-digraph]

►►

[G33]

Ⱐ

ⱐ

Ерь [малък]

►►

[G34]

Ⱑ

ⱑ

[ıат]

IА,Ѣ

[800]

[Iotated]

►►

[G35]

Ⱒ

ⱒ

[хлъмъ]

[H]

[Mystery]

►►

[G36]

Ⱓ

ⱓ

[Iotated]

►►

[G37]

Ⱔ

ⱔ

[Юс малък]

Ѧ,Я

[Front Nasal, Little Yus]

►►

[G38]

Ⱕ

ⱕ

[Юс знак]

[Nasal mark]

►►

[G39]

Ⱖ

ⱖ

[йот]

[ıо]

[Iotated, Out of Use]

►►

[G40]

Ⱗ

ⱗ

[Юс малък йотиран]

IѦ

[Iotated, Nasal]

►►

[G41]

Ⱘ

ⱘ

[Юс голѣ̋м]

[Back Nasal, Big Yus]

►►

[G42]

Ⱙ

ⱙ

[Юс голѣ̋м йотиран]

IѪ

[Iotated, Nasal]

►►

[G43]

Ⱚ

ⱚ

[θита]

Θ:Θητα:θита

800

[Used in Greek words only]

►►

[G44]

Ⱛ

ⱛ

[υжица]

Υ:Υψιλον:υпсилон

[Used in Greek words only]

►►

[G45]

Ⱜ

ⱜ

[Щапич]

Croatian complement

►►

[G46]

Ⱝ

ⱝ

[Триѫгълно A]

Croatian complement

►►

[G47]

Ⱞ

ⱞ

[Myslite]

Croatian complement

(.. HideTheTable ..) .. to the top ..

5. ►► Keyboard and Converting (.. Show the Glagolitic Software Tools ..) (.. Expanded ..) .. to the top ..

5. ▼▼ Keyboard and Converting (.. Hide the Glagolitic Software Tools ..) (.. Collapse ..) (.. Expand ..) .. to the top ..

►► Glagolitic Section of Unicode (.. Expand ..)

▼▼ Glagolitic Section of Unicode (.. Collapse ..)

11264	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
2C0_	Ⰰ	Ⰱ	Ⰲ	Ⰳ	Ⰴ	Ⰵ	Ⰶ	Ⰷ	Ⰸ	Ⰹ	Ⰺ	Ⰻ	Ⰼ	Ⰽ	Ⰾ	Ⰿ
2C1_	Ⱀ	Ⱁ	Ⱂ	Ⱃ	Ⱄ	Ⱅ	Ⱆ	Ⱇ	Ⱈ	Ⱉ	Ⱊ	Ⱋ	Ⱌ	Ⱍ	Ⱎ	Ⱏ
2C2_	Ⱐ	Ⱑ	Ⱒ	Ⱓ	Ⱔ	Ⱕ	Ⱖ	Ⱗ	Ⱘ	Ⱙ	Ⱚ	Ⱛ	Ⱜ	Ⱝ	Ⱞ
2C3_	ⰰ	ⰱ	ⰲ	ⰳ	ⰴ	ⰵ	ⰶ	ⰷ	ⰸ	ⰹ	ⰺ	ⰻ	ⰼ	ⰽ	ⰾ	ⰿ
2C4_	ⱀ	ⱁ	ⱂ	ⱃ	ⱄ	ⱅ	ⱆ	ⱇ	ⱈ	ⱉ	ⱊ	ⱋ	ⱌ	ⱍ	ⱎ	ⱏ
2C5_	ⱐ	ⱑ	ⱒ	ⱓ	ⱔ	ⱕ	ⱖ	ⱗ	ⱘ	ⱙ	ⱚ	ⱛ	ⱜ	ⱝ	ⱞ

►► (.. Expand ..) Explaining the Glagolitic Section of Unicode (.. Collapse the Glagolitic Section of Unicode ..)
▼▼ (.. Collapse ..) Explaining the Glagolitic Section of Unicode
- As shown in the table above, a Unicode segment is assigned to the Glagolitic letters.
- Separate positions for uppercase (UC) and lowercase (LC) letters have been generously allocated.
- The first three rows of the table above are the capital (UC) letters.
- There are 44 original Glagolitic letters (three lines of 16 minus 4).
- Three new Croatian letters are shown last on the 3rd line.
- The code in 4-digit hexadecimal notation is shown in yellow.
- The first 3 digits come from the table line, and the 4th digit comes from the column.
- Eg, LC Glagolitic М (Ⰿ) is 2C3F in hexadecimal.
- The Unicode of a letter in decimal notation can be calculated.
- The digit between "2C" and "_" is the line number: 0 to 5. Please see the left-most yellow column.
- Columns are numbered 0 to 15 (0 to F).
- Multiply the line number by 16 first.
  Then add the column number.
  And finally add the number 11264 which is displayed in the top-left cell in red.
- Eg, in decimal notation, LC Glagolitic М (Ⰿ) is 48 (3*16, 3 is the line number) plus 15 (column number) [63 so far] plus 11264.
- The result is 11327.
- In each internal cell of this table which contains a Glagolitic letter, there is a link to the same letter in the main table of the Glagolitic letters.
- The Unicode numbers are given in the main table, by the way, so the above calculations could be checked.
- Naturally, these calculations can be performed by a calculator, including via decimal-hexadecimal conversion.
- A letter (or a Unicode character, generally speaking) can be specified either in decimal or in hexadecimal notation, depending on the context.
- The existence of the Unicode segment for the Glagolitic letters does not ensure that those letters will be correctly displayed everywhere.
- Those are fonts responsible for displaying characters.
- The fonts are responsible for drawing the characters on the screen or on paper.
- Fonts are usually provided by the system software.
- Fonts are installed on your device (laptop, smartphone).
- Note: Unicode allocates positions to some more Glagolitic characters out of the segment shown here. That is the Glagolitic Supplement. Mostly, those are ligatures. Please see the wikipedia for more info.
- (.. Collapse Explaining Glagolitic Section of Unicode ..) (.. Collapse the Glagolitic Section of Unicode ..)
(.. hide all the software tools ..) (.. collapse them ..) (.. show all of them ..) .. to the top ..

►► Virtual keyboard (.. show the keyboard ..)

►► Cyrillic To Glagolitic Conversion (.. Go! ..)
▼▼ Cyrillic To Glagolitic Conversion (.. Collapse ..)

Текст на кирилица: << Cyrillic

Текстът на глаголица: << Glagolitic

Disclaimer: Glagolitic and Cyrillic are different alphabets and therefore converting between them is accompanied by many conventions.

►► Glagolitic To Cyrillic Conversion (.. Go ..)
▼▼ Glagolitic To Cyrillic Conversion (.. Collapse ..)

Текст на глаголица: << Glagolitic

Текстът на кирилица: << Cyrillic

Disclaimer: Glagolitic and Cyrillic are different alphabets and therefore converting between them is accompanied by many conventions.

►► Number to Glagolitic Miletan (.. Go ..)
▼▼ Number to Glagolitic Miletan (.. Collapse ..)

Въведѣте число от 1 до 999: << Please type in a number

В означение на глаголица: << Glagolitic Miletan Notation

(.. Hide the Glagolitic Software Tools ..) (.. Collapse ..) (.. Expand ..) .. to the top ..

6. ►► References (.. show them ..) .. to the top ..

7. ►► Comments, Q&As (.. show ..) (.. show expanded ..) .. to the top ..

7. ▼▼ Comments, Q&As (.. hide ..) (.. collapse ..) (.. expand ..) .. to the top ..

If a question or a comment appears or my reply is necessary, I shall copy the question or the comment in this section here and my reply will go also here.

►► ::christo.tamarin, 2021-05-31 10:05:: Some useful buttons (.. Expand ..) (.. ExpandAllComments ..)
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2021-05-31 10:05:: Some useful buttons (.. Collapse ..) (.. ExpandAllComments ..)
- In the table, each row which is assigned to a Glagolitic letter, is followed by a comment line for the same letter.
  - ClickHere so that all such comment lines be displayed.
- In the table, each column has a corresponding explanation line.
  - ClickHere so that all column explanation lines be displayed.
- Disclaimer: Some explanation rows in the table are not translated into English yet and appear in Bulgarian.
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►► ::christo.tamarin, 2021-05-31 10:53:: The ABCD Family Tree (.. ShowItHere ..) (.. ShowItThere ..)
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2020-07-05 10:55:: The ABCD Family Tree (.. Collapse ..) (.. ShowItThere ..)
- The picture here illustrates the following statements in this article:
  - Besides China and Japan, the writing traditions which are used now all over the rest of the world originate from the phonetic script created for the Canaanite language.
  - Тhe ancient Canaanite (Phoenician) script had two main branches of propagation throughout the world: the Eastern Aramaic and the Western Greek.
- The Cyrillic alphabet is shown in the red zone, very close to the Greek alphabet.
  - As less important, the Glagolitic alphabet was ignored.
    Otherwise, it should be aligned with the Armenian and the Georgian alphabets.
- (.. CollapseThisComment ..) (.. ShowPictureThere ..) (.. Collapse&HideAllComments ..) (.. JustCollapseThem ..) (.. ExpandThem ..) .. to the top ..

►► ::christo.tamarin, 2021-06-11 10:44:: Lilia Ilieva was so kind .. (.. Expand ..)
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2021-06-11 10:44:: Lilia Ilieva was so kind ..
- .. to shed light on the additional Croatian Glagolitic letters G45:Ⱜ:Stapic и G46:Ⱝ:Trokutasti (triangular) A.
- The explanations she made have been put to the relevant rows of the table. (.. CollapseThisComment ..)

►► ::christo.tamarin, 2021-06-11 21:23:: The virtual keyboard has been changed to allow hexadecimal input (.. Expand ..) (.. Collapse&HideAllComments ..) (.. JustCollapseThem ..) (.. ExpandThem ..) .. to the top ..
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2021-06-11 21:23:: The virtual keyboard has been changed to allow hexadecimal input
(.. CollapseThisComment ..) (.. Collapse&HideAllComments ..) (.. JustCollapseThem ..) (.. ExpandThem ..) .. to the top ..
- Glagolitic Supplement:
  - Some more Glagolitic letters have Unicodes assigned out of the segment shown here.
  - Most of those are ligatures.
  - Some info about them can be found in the wikipedia.
  - Adding them to the virtual keyboard would not be worth the effort. Besides, most fonts cannot display them.
- So, instead, the functionality of the virtual keyboard has been extended to allow hexadecimal Input.
- Now, each character can be input and then copied to the Clipboard via the virtual keyboard typing the Unicode of the character in hexadecimal.
- The virtual keyboard has three modes now, switchable via a listbox: "UC", "LC", "HexadecInput".
- In "HexadecInput" mode, the top-left key is used to terminate the character.
- In Windows, actually, the keyboard allows each character to be input by its Unicode. Click to see how to do that.
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◄► ::christo.tamarin, 2021-06-26 19:20:: Due to its inherent strangeness, the Glagolitic alphabet
- needed diligent promotion and constant publicity from its adherents.
  Therefore, in Slavic countries, the theme of the alphabet, be it Glagolitic or Cyrillic, is often the subject of unhealthy interest and overexposure.

►► ::christo.tamarin, 2021-07-04 09:46:: Etymology of the word Glagolitic itself (.. ShowThisComment ..) (.. Collapse&HideAllComments ..) (.. JustCollapseThem ..) (.. ExpandThem ..) .. to the top ..
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2021-07-04 09:46:: Etymology of the word Glagolitic itself (.. CollapseThisComment ..) (.. Collapse&HideAllComments ..) (.. JustCollapseThem ..) (.. ExpandThem ..) .. to the top ..
- The other Slavic alphabet which is widely used has been called Cyrillic. It was given that name in honor of St.Cyril, although he was not the creator of the Cyrillic alphabet. St.Cyril was the creator of the Glagolitic alphabet. For the Cyrillic alphabet, the term Cyrillic was established in the 18th century.
- The term Glagolitic was invented and established in the 19th century in order to name the alphabet which was created by St.Cyril himself and which fell out of use in the Orthodox countries.
- The word Glagolitic was derived from the noun глагол (glagol) and from the verb глаголати (glagolati), which are found in the texts in OCS+ (OldChurchSlavonic,OldBulgarian). The noun глагол (glagol) was usually the translation of Greek ρ̒η̃μα meaning word.
- The Greek word ρ̒η̃μα is also used as a grammatical term for verb. In this way, the term глагол (glagol) appeared as a grammatical term in Bulgarian and Russian.
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►► ::christo.tamarin, 2021-09-03 15:52:: The Glagolitic Script as Calligraphy (.. Expand ..)
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2021-09-03 15:52:: The Glagolitic Script as Calligraphy (.. CollapseThisComment ..) (.. Collapse&HideAllComments ..) (.. JustCollapseThem ..) (.. ExpandThem ..) .. to the top ..
- This comment is a complement to two sections of this article:
  - The Glagolitic alphabet is unique
  - The Glagolitic alphabet is universal
- Many years ago, it was noticed that the creator of the Glagolitic script designed the letters so that they look good in the inscriptions on the icons.
  - Skilled calligraphers could do wonders.
- Inscriptions that can be often seen on the icons:
  - ΙΣ ΧΡ: ⰋⰔ ⰘⰓ
    - ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ: ⰋⰊⰔⰖⰔ ⰘⰓⰋⰔⰕⰑⰔ
  - ΜΡ ΘΟΥ: ⰏⰓ ⰪⰖ
    - ΜΗΤΗΡ ΘΕΟΥ: ⰏⰊⰕⰊⰓ ⰪⰅⰖ
  - ΑΓΙΟΣ, ΑΓΙΑ: ⰀⰃⰋⰑⰔ, ⰀⰃⰋⰀ
- Some others religious expressions that can be often met as well:
  - ΑΛΛΗΛΟΥΙΑ, AMHN: ⰀⰎⰎⰊⰎⰖⰋⰀ, ⰀⰏⰊⰐ
  - ΣΩΤΗΡ, SALVATOR, СЪПАСЪ: ⰔⰙⰕⰊⰓ, ⰔⰀⰎⰂⰀⰕⰑⰓ, ⰔⰟⰒⰀⰔⰟ
  - ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΛΕΗΣΟΝ: ⰍⰫⰓⰋⰅ ⰅⰎⰅⰊⰔⰑⰐ
  - ГОСПОДИ ПОМИЛУИ: ⰃⰑⰔⰒⰑⰄⰊ ⰒⰑⰏⰊⰎⰖⰊ
  - ВЪ ИМЯ ОТЬЦА И СЪINA И СВЯТАГО ДОУХА:
    - ⰂⰟⰊⰏⰤⰑⰕⰠⰜⰀⰊⰔⰟⰋⰐⰀⰊⰔⰂⰤⰕⰀⰃⰑⰄⰖⰘⰀ
  - IN NOMINE PATRI ET FILII ET SPIRITU SANKTI:
    - ⰋⰐⰐⰑⰏⰋⰐⰅⰒⰀⰕⰓⰋⰅⰕⰗⰋⰎⰋⰋⰅⰕⰔⰒⰋⰓⰋⰕⰫⰔⰀⰐⰍⰕⰋ
  - ΕΝ ΤΩ ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΑΓΙΟΥ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΟΣ:
    - ⰅⰐⰕⰙⰑⰐⰑⰏⰀⰕⰋⰕⰖⰒⰀⰕⰓⰑⰔⰍⰀⰋⰕⰖⰫⰋⰖⰍⰀⰋⰕⰖⰀⰃⰋⰖⰒⰐⰅⰫⰏⰀⰕⰑⰔ
  - SANCTA ΜΑRΙΑ, SANCTISSIMA VIRGO ΜΑRΙΑ: ⰔⰀⰐⰍⰕⰀ ⰏⰀⰓⰋⰀ, ⰔⰀⰐⰍⰕⰋⰔⰔⰋⰏⰀ ⰂⰋⰓⰌⰑ ⰏⰀⰓⰋⰀ
  - ΠΑΝΑΓΙΑ ΠΑΡΘΕΝΟΣ ΜΑΡΙΑ, ΘΕΟΤΟΚΟΣ: ⰒⰀⰐⰀⰃⰋⰀ ⰒⰀⰓⰪⰅⰐⰑⰔ ⰏⰀⰓⰋⰀ, ⰪⰅⰑⰕⰑⰍⰑⰔ
  - ПРѢСВЯТА ДѢВА ΜΑΡΙΑ, БОГОРОДИЦА: ⰒⰓⰡⰔⰂⰤⰕⰀ ⰄⰡⰂⰀ ⰏⰀⰓⰋⰀ, ⰁⰑⰃⰑⰓⰑⰄⰊⰜⰀ
- Please realize that some original shapes designed by St.Cyril were lost by time and replaced by new shapes designed by St.Clement of Achrida. The original shapes might have been more beautiful but harder to write.
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►► ::christo.tamarin, 2021-09-26 14:15:: Swaping G11:Ⰺ and G10:Ⰹ (.. Expand ..) (.. Collapse&HideAllComments ..) (.. JustCollapseThem ..) (.. ExpandThem ..) .. to the top ..
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2021-09-26 14:15:: Swaping G11:Ⰺ and G10:Ⰹ (.. CollapseThisComment ..) (.. Collapse&HideAllComments ..) (.. JustCollapseThem ..) (.. ExpandThem ..) .. to the top ..
- The explanations of the Glagolitic letters G11:Ⰺ and G10:Ⰹ have been swapped in the table.
- The virtual keyboard and the conversion tools have not been changed.
  They now agree with the table.
  It was the table which was changed.
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►► ::christo.tamarin, 2022-02-25 10:20:: Chernorizec Xrabur's Counter (.. Expand ..) (.. Collapse&HideAllComments ..) (.. JustCollapseThem ..) (.. ExpandThem ..) .. to the top ..
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2022-02-25 10:20:: Chernorizec Xrabur's Counter (.. CollapseThisComment ..) (.. Collapse&HideAllComments ..) (.. JustCollapseThem ..) (.. ExpandThem ..) .. to the top ..
- Chernorizec Xrabur in his literary work titled "On the letters" gives 38 for the number of letters in the Slavic alphabet.
  Being still pagans, the Slavs did not have their own letters, but read and communicated by means of tallies and sketches. After their baptism they were forced to use Roman and Greek letters in the transcription of their Slavic words but these were not suitable.
  ...
  At last, God, in his love for mankind, sent them St. Constantine the Philosopher, called Cyril, a learned and upright man, who composed for them thirty-eight letters, some (24 of them) similar to the Greek, but some (14 of them) different, suitable to express Slavic sounds.
- This article is based on Unicode, and
  Unicode has 47 codes assigned to Glagolitic letters.
  So, nine (9) codes are to be discounted.
- In the table, I tried to mark some letters which, supposedly, "Chernorizec Xrabur" would not count, and let the computer count the rest up to the number of 38.
- For each letter which is not marked, on the corresponding explanation line of the table, the computer puts the current value of the so called Chernorizec Xrabur's Counter in the form {ЧХ:37}.
- Marked for not counting are:
  - the additional Croatian letters (the last three in the table),
  - the letter G10:Ⰹ:Ιota-with-diaeresis,
  - the letter G37:Ⱔ:littleYus, and
  - five ligatures:
    - G23, G28, G40, G41, G42.
- The computer has counted up to {ЧХ:37}.
  - In order to reach 38, One Letter is Still Wanted!
  - Which letter should be unmarked?
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Блогът на Христо Тамарин [Christo Tamarin's blog]

Sunday, May 30, 2021