Глаголицата: странна и чудата


Glagolicata: stranna i čydàta
(vsičko za neü)


▼▼ Reference Glagolitic UC Shape Glagolitic LC Shape Name of the letter Cyrillic Counterpart Greek Counterpart Roman Counterpart Numerical Value Remark
Etiket Glagoličeska gole̋ma bykva Glagoličeska malka bykva Naimenovanie na bykvata Suotvetstvie v kirilicata Suotvetna grucka bykva Suotvetna latinska bykva Čislena stojnost Zabeležka
►► ►► ►► ►► ►► ►► ►► ►► ►►
▼▼[G01]АзъАΑ:Αλφα:AlfaA1
{ЧX:1}1126411312
▼▼[G02]БоукъıБ[Beta]B2
{ЧX:2}1126511313
▼▼[G03]ВѣдиВΒ:Βητα:Vita3
{ЧX:3}1126611314
▼▼[G04]ГлаголиГΓ:Γαμμα:Gama4[Ima alternativa: G13:]
{ЧX:4}1126711315
Obäsnenieto na alternativata G13: e tam.


The alternative G13: is explained there.

▼▼[G05]ДоброДΔ:Δελτα:DeltaD5
{ЧX:5}1126811316
▼▼[G06]ЕстьЕΕ:Εψιλον:EpsilonE6
{ЧX:6}1126911317
▼▼[G07]ЖивѣтеЖ7
{ЧX:7}1127011318
▼▼[G08]SѣлоS8[Alternativa na G09:]
{ЧX:8}1127111319

  • I v glagolicata, i v kirilicata, ima dve bykvi za zvykut Z(Z):
    • bykvata Zemlja i bykvata Selo.

  • Logično e da se predpoloži, če i v govorimiut slavänski ezik ot 9-ti vek e imalo dva zvyka Z(Z):
    • staro Z(Z) i novo Z(Z).

  • I dvata vida slavänsko Z(Z) su se poävili sled izmenenie na po-star zvyk G(G).

  • Staroto Z(Z) se e poävilo mnogo mnogo otdavna,
    • v pra-istoričeski vremena - pri satemizaciata.
    • Sreqa se v dymi kato az, zlato, zurno, zemä, znaü.

    • Prez 9-ti vek sled Xrista staroto Z(Z) e zvyčalo kakto segašnoto naše Z(Z),
      kakto sega to zvyči vuv vsički slavänski ezici ili
      kakto sega zvyči tazi bykva v grucki.

  • Novoto Z(Z) se e poävilo po vtorata slavänska palatalizacia,
    • ne̋kude vuv vekovete 4-ti, 5-ti, 6-ti ili 7-mi sled Xrista.
    • Sreqa se v dymi kato noze, knäz, dialozi, zve̋r, zvezda.

    • Ne̋kude stava dyma za otdelni 2-ra i 3-ta palatalizacia, no e po-ydobno da se razgleǧat zaedno kato vtora palatalizacia.

    • Tuj kato po vremeto na vtorata palatalizacia slavänskiut ezik se bil veče raznesul na obširni prostranstva i se bil veče razpadnul na teritorialni dialekti, to v proveǧaneto na vtorata palatalizacia se nablÿdavat neposledovatelnosti i dialektni osobenosti. Neposledovatelnosti ima navse̋kude, dialektni osobenosti v tazi vruzka na Balkanite ne̋ma. Pri sravnenie s iztočnoto i sus zapadnoto slavänoglasie - togava ima.

    • V bezzvyčnata si versia vtorata slavänska palatalizacia promenä zvykut K vuv C(TS).
    • Redno e da se očakva, če v zvyčnata si versia vtorata palatalizacia e promenäla zvykut G(G) vuv DZ(DZ). I veroätno takuv e bil slyčaüt.

  • Novoto slavänsko Z(Z), polyčeno po vtorata palatalizacia, veroätno e zvyčalo kato DZ(DZ), različno ot zvyčeneto na staroto Z(Z). Veroätno točno takova e bilo položenieto v kraüt na 9-ti vek, kogato su vuzniknuli i dvete slavänski azbyki.

  • Obače.
    • Starite nadpisi na kamuk ne suduržat novo Z(Z).
    • A puk tolkova stari knigi ne̋ma.
    • V nito edna stara kniga ne e spazeno različieto staroto Z(Z) i novoto Z(Z) da se označavat s različni bykvi.
    • Dvete bykvi se ypotrebävat suvsem proizvolno, kakto xrymne na pisarüt, vse edno če dvete bykvi se četut ednakvo.
    • To i taka si e bilo v sledvaqite vekove, sled 10-ti vek.

  • Ima i drygi slyčai, kogato v azbykata - i v kirilicata, i v glagolicata -
    kogato dve bykvi zvyčut ednakvo i ypotrebata im e proizvolna:
    • dvete bykvi za glasniut zvyk I - bykvata I (Ita) i bykvata I (öta)
    • dvete bykvi za glasniut zvyk O - bykvata O (Omikron) i bykvata Ω (Omega)

    • Vuv vsičkite tezi tri slyčaä (Z:S:Ⰸ:Ⰷ, I:I:Ⰺ:Ⰻ, O:Ω:Ⱁ:Ⱉ),
    • nikoä ot tezi šest bykvi ne može da izleze ot ypotreba,
    • zaqoto vse̋ka ot te̋x si ima svoä čislova stojnost po miletskata sistema.


  • There are two letters for the Z(Z) consonant in both Glagolitic and Cyrillic:
    • Zemlja and Selo.

  • It could be logically assumed that two different consonants Z(Z) existed at that time in the spoken Slavic language:
    • an old Z(Z) and a new Z(Z).

  • Both those Slavic consonants Z(Z) appeared after the change of an older consonant G(G).

  • The old Z(Z) appeared ages ago,
    • at pre-historic times - as a result of the satemization.
    • It can be met in words such as az, zlato, zurno, zemä, znaü.

    • In the 9th century AD, the old Z(Z) sounded as it does now in Bulgarian, in all modern Slavic languages, and in modern Greek.

  • The new Z(Z) appeared as a result of the second Slavic palatalization,
    • in the centuries 4th, 5th, 6th or 7th AD.
    • It can be met in words such as noze, knäz, dialozi, zver, zvezda.

    • Some people are considering some third Slavic palatalization. However, it is more convenient to be consider as part of the 2nd palatalization.

    • Since at the time of the second Slavic palatalization, the Slavic language has been already spread on wide territories and has been already divided into various regional dialects, hence the second Slavic palatalization was implemented with inconsistencies and dialectal specifics.
    • There are inconsistencies all over the Slavophonia.
    • Dialectal specifics are observed in the West and East branches only.

    • In the voiceless case, the second Slavic palatalization changed the consonant K into C(TS).
    • We may assume that in the voiced case, the second Slavic palatalization produced an affricate as well and changed the consonant G(G) into DZ(DZ). And that was the case, probably.

  • The new Slavic Z(Z), result of the second palatalization, may have sounded as DZ(DZ), differently than the old Z(Z). That was probably the case in the end of the 9th century AD, the time when both Slavic alphabets emerged.

  • However.
    • The new Z(Z) cannot be met on the old inscriptions on stone.
    • There are no books preserved and old enough.
    • The distinction between the old and the new Z(Z) cannot be observed anywhere.
    • The two letters are randomly used, always. Obviously, both letters sounded the same
    • in the next centuries, after the 10th century AD.

  • There are other cases where two different letters have the same sounding and random usage, both in Cyrillic and Glagolitic:
    • two letters for the I sound - I (Heta) and I (öta)
    • two letters for the O sound - O (Omicron) and Ω (Omega)

    • In all these three cases (Z:S:Ⰸ:Ⰷ, I:I:Ⰺ:Ⰻ, O:Ω:Ⱁ:Ⱉ),
    • neither letter can go out of usage,
    • because each one has its Miletan numerical value.

▼▼[G09]ЗемлıаЗΖ:Ζητα:ZitaZ9[Ima alternativa: G08:]
{ЧX:9}1127211320

 Ima alternativa: G08:Ⰷ:Selo. Obäsnenieto na alternativata G08: e tam, red po-gore. 

 There is an alternative: G08:Ⰷ:Selo. The alternative is explained G08:there, one row above. 

▼▼[G10]Иже[ ϊ ][ ϊ ]10[Bykva za glasniut zvyk I]
{-}1127311321
Edna ot trite glagoličeski bykvi za glasniut zvyk I.
Veroätno suotvetstva na Ι:Ιωτα:Ιotata-s-dierezis ot kirilicata i gruckata azbyka.

Vuzmožno e ne̋koi da su misleli, če v glagolicata ima samo dve bykvi za zvykut I, G11:Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Ιota i G12:Ⰻ:Η:Ητα:Ita.

Vuzmožno e ne̋koi da ne su sme̋tali Ι:Ιωτα:Ιotata-s-dierezis za otdelna bykva.
Oqe poveče, formite na G11:Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Ιotata i na Ι:Ιωτα:Ιotata-s-dierezis su podobni.
Oqe poveče, G11:Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Ιotata i Ⰹ:Ιωτα:Ιotata-s-dierezis imat edna i suqa čislena stojnost.

Dokolkoto tekst na glagolica praktičeski ne može da mine za tekst na grucki,
nyǧa da se različavat Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Ιotata i Ⰹ:Ι:Ιωτα:Ιotata-s-dierezis
v glagolicata ne̋ma.

Veroätno, praktikata da se različavat Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Ιotata i Ⰹ:Ι:Ιωτα:Ιotata-s-dierezis e preminula ot kirilicata v glagolicata.


One of the three Glagolitic letters for the I vowel.
Probably, it corresponds to the Greek-Cyrillic letter Ι:Ιωτα:IotaWithDiaeresis.

Some people may have thought that there are just two Glagolitic letters for the I vowel, G11:Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Iota and G12:Ⰻ:Η:Ητα:Heta.

Perhaps, some people have not considered Ι:Ιωτα:IotaWithDiaeresis as a separate letter.
Moreover, the shapes of the G11:Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Iota and the Ι:Ιωτα:IotaWithDiaeresis are very similar in Glagolitic.
Moreover, the G11:Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Iota and the Ⰹ:Ιωτα:IotaWithDiaeresis are assigned the same Miletan numeric value.

As a text written in Glagolitic, in practice, could not be considered a Greek text,
there is no need to distinguish Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Iota and Ⰹ:Ι:Ιωτα:IotaWithDiaeresis in Glagolitic.

Probably, the practice do distinguish Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Iota and Ⰹ:Ι:Ιωτα:IotaWithDiaeresis was transferred from Cyrillic to Glagolitic.

▼▼[G11]ИжеIΙ:Ιωτα:ΙotaI10[Bykva za glasniut zvyk I]
{ЧX:10}1127411322
Edna ot trite glagoličeski bykvi za glasniut zvyk I.
Veroätno suotvetstva na Ι:Ιωτα:Ιotata ot kirilicata i gruckata azbyka.

Kakto i v kirilicata, ne e imalo pravilo
koga da se piše Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Ιota i koga Ⰻ:Η:Ητα:Ita.


One of the three Glagolitic letters for the I vowel.
Probably, it corresponds to the Greek-Cyrillic letter Ι:Ιωτα:Iota.

There was no rule
whether to write Ⰻ:Η:Ητα:Ita or Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Ιota
neither in Cyrillic not in Glagolitic.
▼▼[G12]ИжеИΗ:Ητα:Ita20[Bykva za glasniut zvyk I]
{ЧX:11}1127511323
Edna ot trite glagoličeski bykvi za glasniut zvyk I.
Veroätno suotvetstva na Η:Ητα:Itata ot kirilicata i gruckata azbyka.

Kakto i v kirilicata, ne e imalo pravilo
koga da se piše Ⰻ:Η:Ητα:Ita i koga Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Ιota.


One of the three Glagolitic letters for the I vowel.
Probably, it corresponds to the Greek-Cyrillic letter Η:Ητα:Heta.

There was no rule
whether to write Ⰻ:Η:Ητα:Ita or Ⰺ:Ι:Ιωτα:Ιota
neither in Cyrillic not in Glagolitic.
▼▼[G13][герв]G30[Alternativa na G04:]
{ЧX:12}1127611324
Edna ot trite "misteriozni" glagoličeski bykvi
i edinstvenata ot te̋x, koäto se e ypotrebävala sravnitelno često.
Suzdadena kato suotvetstvie na latinskata bykva G.
  • Suzdatelüt na glagolicata Sveti Kiril e bil elinofon i na nego my e pravelo vpečatlenie edno nesuvuršenstvo na gruckata pismenost, a imenno, če edna i suqa bykva G:Gama se izpolzva za označavane na dva različni zvyka v gruckiut ezik: na proxodnata Gama i na pregradnata Gama.

  • V slavänski ezik vse̋ka Gama e pregradna i slavänoglasnite ne mogut da različavat gruckata proxodna Gama.
  • V latinski ezik vse̋ka Gama e pregradna i se označava s latinskata bykva G.

  • Na grucki v povečeto slyčai Gamata e proxodna, no v ne malko slyčai tä e pregradna.
  • Gruckata gama e pregradna sled zvykut N, kakto i v ne̋koi dymi sus stranno proiznošenie.

  • Može bi čyǧencite, govoreqi na grucki s akcent, izpolzvali pregradna Gama poveče ot nyžnoto.

  • Na Sveti Kiril može bi my se e iskalo v suzdadenata ot nego yniversalna azbyka, sega naričana glagolica, dvata grucki zvyka da se označavat s različni bykvi: G04:Ⰳ:Glagoli i G13:Ⰼ:Gerv.

  • Sveti Kiril qe da e kazal na brat si i na yčenicite si: "S bykvata G13:Ⰼ:Gerv qe pišete dymite Ангел i Евангелие, kakto i Голгоθà"

    • Poveče ot polovinata ot sreqaniata na bykvata G13:Ⰼ:Gerv se padat v dymite Ангел i Евангелие.

    • Sreqa se i v čyǧi dymi, čyǧi i za grucki, i za slavänski: Голгоθà, Гѐенна, ...

    • Pone̋koga s tazi bykva slavänoglasnite označavali stranen za te̋x grucki zvyk G.
    • A za slavänoglasnite vseki zvyk G pred predna glasna (E, I, ..) bil stranen, poneže 2-rata palatalizacia toky-qo bila izčistila slavänskiut ezik ot takiva zvykove.

    • Bykvata G13:Ⰼ:Gerv se sreqa i kato miletska cifra 30, razbira se.

  • Xurvatska zabeležka.

    • V surbo-xurvatskiut ezik ima zvyk meko DŽ, kojto proizliza ot praslavänskoto *DJ.
    • Praslavänskoto *DJ v bulgarski dava ŽD, v ryski - , v polski - DZ.

    • Pod italiansko vlianie xurvatite-katolici počnuli da proiznasät Evandželie
    • V tekstovete na glagolica na tova me̋sto stoe̋la bykvata G13:Ⰼ:Gerv.

    • Trugnul slyx, če bykvata G13:Ⰼ:Gerv označavala imenno DŽ.
    • Neqo poveče, yž zvykut, označavan s bykvata G13:Ⰼ:Gerv, imal neqo obqo s praslavänskoto *DJ.
    • Oqe poveče, če meko G̀ v sev.makedonski se bilo polyčilo imenno ot praslavänskoto *DJ.

    • Kak da e.
    • Bykvata G13:Ⰼ:Gerv se sčita za prototip na bykvite (meko dž) i ћ (meko č) ot srubskata kirilica.
    • Srubskata bykva az sum si ü zael za označavane na ŽD v bulgarski.
    • Imame bykva Q za ŠT, mnogo si ü xaresvame, zaqo da ne̋mame bykva i za ŽD.
    • Kak da e.
    • V "misterioznata" bykva G13:Ⰼ:Gerv ot starata glagolica ne̋ma niqo slavänsko.
    • V starite glagoličeski tekstove tä se ypotrebäva samo v grucki dymi.

One of the three "mysterious" Glagolitic letters
and the only of them which had some real usage.
It was designed as a counterpart of the Roman letter G.
  • St. Cyril, the creator of Glagolitic, was a native Hellenophone. He could notice a defect in the Greek alphabet. In the Greek script, the same letter G:Gama:Gamma is used to denote two different Greek consonants: the fricative G:Gama:Gamma and the plosive G:Gama:Gamma.

  • In Slavic, or at least in South Slavic, every G:Gama:Gamma is plosive. Moreover, Slavophones cannot distinguish the two Greek G:Gama:Gamma consonants.
  • In Latin, every G:Gama:Gamma is plosive and is denoted via the Roman letter G.

  • In the Greek language, the G:Gama:Gamma consonant is fricative in most cases. Nevertheless, in quite a lot of cases, the Greek G:Gama:Gamma is plosive.
  • The Greek G:Gama:Gamma is plosive after the N consonant, and also in some words having weird pronunciation.

  • Perhaps, non-native speakers of Greek use the plosive G:Gama:Gamma more than normal.

  • Most probably, St. Cyril wished in the universal alphabet he created, now called Glagolitic, the two Greek G:Gama:Gamma consonants to be denoted by two different letters: G04:Ⰳ:Glagoli:Glagoli and G13:Ⰼ:Gerv:Gerv.

  • St. Cyril might have said to his brother and to the disciples: "The letter G13:Ⰼ:Gerv:Gerv should be used in the words like Angel and Evangelie, and Golgoθà."

    • More than one half of the occurrences of the letter G13:Ⰼ:Gerv:Gerv are in the words Angel and Evangelie.

    • G13:Ⰼ:Gerv:Gerv can also be met in foreign words, foreign for both Greek and Slavic: Golgoθà, Gèenna, ...

    • Sometimes, Slavophones used the Glagolitic letter G13:Ⰼ:Gerv:Gerv for a Greek fricative G:Gama:Gamma which was strange to them.
    • By the way, at that time, every Greek G:Gama:Gamma before a front vowel (E, I, ..) was strange to native Slavophones, since the 2nd palatalization had just destroyed all such consonants in Slavic.

    • The Glagolitic letter G13:Ⰼ:Gerv was also used with its Miletan value 30, of course.

  • A Croatian remark.

    • The Proto-Slavic *DJ changed to various consonants in the various Slavic languages: to a soft consonant DŽ in Serbo-Croatian, to a consonant in Russian, and to DZ in Polish.

    • Catholics speaking Croatian pronounced Evandželie, like Italians.
    • In the Glagolitic texts, there was the letter G13:Ⰼ:Gerv:Gerv at this place.

    • There was a rumor that the Glagolitic letter G13:Ⰼ:Gerv:Gerv was to denote namely DŽ.
    • And that the old sound denoted by this letter was related to the Proto-Slavic *DJ.
    • And the rumor noticed that N.Macedonian has soft G̀ at the places of Proto-Slavic *DJ.

    • Anyway.
    • The Glagolitic letter G13:Ⰼ:Gerv:Gerv is considered as the prototype of the Serbian Cyrillic letters (soft dž) and ћ (soft č).
    • Just for myself, I have borrowed the Serbian Cyrillic letter to denote ŽD in the Bulgarian language.
    • There is a Cyrillic letter Q for ŠT, it is very handy and convenient, and there is a need ŽD in Bulgarian as well.
    • Anyway.
    • There is nothing Slavic in the old "mysterious" Glagolitic letter G13:Ⰼ:Gerv:Gerv.
    • In the old Glagolitic texts, this letter is used in Greek words only.
▼▼[G14]КакоКK:Kαππα:KapaK40
{ЧX:13}1127711325
▼▼[G15]ΛюдıеΛΛ:Λαμβδα:ΛambdaL50
{ЧX:14}1127811326
▼▼[G16]ⰿМъıслитеМΜ:Μυ:MiM60[prekaleno složna za pisane]
{ЧX:15}1127911327
Poradi tova če e prekaleno složna za pisane,
xurvatskite knižovnici su ü zamenäli s latinskata bykva M,
i za tazi zamenäqa bykva v Unicode e otpysnato me̋sto G47:.


As this Glagolitic letter is too hard to write,
Croatian writers replaced it with the Roman letter M,
and that replacing letter got a Unicode position G47:.

▼▼[G17]ΝашьNΝ:Νυ:ΝiN70
{ЧX:16}1128011328
▼▼[G18]ОнъОΟ:Ομικρον:OmikronO80[Ima alternativa G26:][Yčastva v ligatyri]
{ЧX:17}1128111329
Yčastva v dve ligatyri: G23: (ΟΥ:ΟμικρονΥψιλον) i G41: (OѦ=U:ÿs gole̋m).

Ima alternativa: G26:.


This letter participates in two ligatures: G23: (ΟΥ:ΟμικρονΥψιλον:OmicronYpsilon) i G41: (OѦ=U:BugYus).

G26: is an alternative.

▼▼[G19]ПокоиПΠ:Πι:PiP90
{ЧX:18}1128211330
▼▼[G20]РьциРΡ:Ρω:RoR100
{ЧX:19}1128311331
▼▼[G21]СловоСS:Σιγμα:SigmaS200
{ЧX:20}1128411332
▼▼[G22]ТврьдоТΤ:Ταυ:TawT300
{ЧX:21}1128511333
▼▼[G23]ОукъОУ,УΟΥ:ΟμικρονΥψιλον[U]400[Ligatyra ΟΥ po grucki model]
{-}1128611334
Ligatyra Ομικρον+Υψιλον po grucki model,
suotvetstvaqa na suqata ligatyra ΟΥ v kirilicata.

Ot dryga strana, zaema me̋stoto na gruckata bykva G44: (Υ:Υψιλον)
i polyčava poredno čisleno naznačenie 400 po miletskata sistema.


A ligature Ομικρον+Υψιλον(OmicronYpsilon). It follows the Greek model. It corresponds to the same ligature ΟΥ in Cyrillic.

On the other hand, if the alphabet order is concerned, this ligature is placed at the position of the Greek letter G44: (Υ:Υψιλον)
and is assigned the next Miletan value of 400.

▼▼[G24]Фрьтъ (fert)ФΦ:Φι:Fi500[Piše se samo v grucki dymi]
{ЧX:22}1128711335
Pišela se e samo v dymi s grucki proizxod.
Prez 9-ti i 10-ti vek v slavänskiut ezik zvyk F ne e imalo.


It was used in Greek words only.
In the 9th and 10th centuries, there was no F(F) consonant in Slavic.

▼▼[G25]ХѣръХΧ:Χι:Xi600
{ЧX:23}1128811336
▼▼[G26]ОтъωΩ:Ωμεγα:ωmega700[Alternativa na G18:]
{ЧX:24}1128911337
Kakto v gruckata azbyka i kakto v kirilicata, bykvata O ima alternativa ω.
V kirilicata, formata na tazi alternativna bykva e podxodäqa za ligatyra sus T,
i ligatyrata ω-pod-T se izpolzva mnogo često pri zvykosučetanieto OT.
V glagolicata takava ligatyra maj ne̋ma.
Dali imeto na tazi bykva v glagolicata e izbrano pod vlianie na kirilicata?


Following the Greek model, similar to Cyrillic, the letter O has an alternative ω:ωmega.
In Cyrillic, the shape of ω:ωmega allows a ligature with a next T,
and such a ligature ω-under-T was often used for OT.
Is there such a ligature in Glagolitic?
Was the name of this letter (OTU) chosen in Cyrillic?

▼▼[G27][пѣ][Q][800][Misteria]
{ЧX:25}1129011338
Edna ot trite "misteriozni" glagoličeski bykvi
Suzdadena veroätno kato suotvetstvie na latinskata bykva Q.

Tazi bykva naistina e misteriozna i xipotetična.
Niqo za neü ne se znae sus sigyrnost.

Polyčila e me̋sto v Unicode s ne̋koe ot predpolagaemite si načertania
i samo poradi tova prisutstva v tazi tablica.

Fonetična zabeležka: Ne biva da ni yčydva
suotvetstvieto meǧy slavänskiut zvyk P i latinskoto Q.
V balkano-romanskite dialekti staroto latinsko Q
vuz osnova na labialnata si sustavka e preminalo v P/P.
Naprimer: aqua => apǎ (voda), quattuor => patru (četiri).


One of the three "mysterious" Glagolitic letters.
Probably, it was designed as a counterpart of the Roman letter Q.

This letter is mysterious and hypothetical, indeed.
Nothing certain is known about it.

This letter has got a Unicode position with one of its hypothetical shapes.
That is why it is mentioned in this table.

Phonetic note: Please do not be surprised by
the correspondence between the Slavic sound P/P and the Latin Q.
In Balkan-Romance, the old Latin Q has passed into P
having emphasized its labial component.
Examples: aqua => apǎ (water), quattuor => patru (four).

▼▼[G28]ЩаЩ[800][Ligatyra ŠT po model ot kirilicata]
{-}1129111339
Ligatyra ŠT po model, zaimstvan ot kirilicata.


A ligature ŠT. Probably, Cyrillic model.

▼▼[G29]ЦиЦ900
{ЧX:26}1129211340
▼▼[G30]ЧрьвьЧ
{ЧX:27}1129311341
▼▼[G31]ШаШ[Naj-prostata po forma bykva]
{ЧX:28}1129411342
Tova e naj-prostata po forma glagoličeska bykva.
Veroätno formata ï e zaimstvana ot kirilicata.
Yčastva v ligatyrata G28:Ⱋ:Qa=ŠT.


The Glagolitic letter with the simplest shape.
Probably, the shape was borrowed from Cyrillic.
Participates in the ligature G28:Ⱋ:Qa=ŠT.

▼▼[G32]Еръ [gole̋m]Ъ[Yčastva v diftong-digraf UI]
{ЧX:29}1129511343
Tozi red ot tablicata e posveten na glagoličeskata bykva er gole̋m.
Otklonenie:
Diftongut-digrafut UI e polyčil statyt na otdelna bykva edva v modernata kirilica za nyǧite na ryski i curkovno-slavänski.
V glagolicata, kakto i v starata kirilica, tova si e diftong-digraf, sustaven ot dve bykvi.
Purvata e er gole̋m (:U), a vtorata može da e :I ili :I.


This table row is designated to the Glagolitic letter U:bigYer:backYer.
Off-topic:
The diphthong-digraph UI received the status of a separate letter just in modern Cyrillic, at bookprinting, for the needs of Russian and Church-Slavonic.
In the Glagolitic alphabet, and in the original Cyrillic as well, this is just a two-letter sequence to denote a Slavic diphthong.
The first letter is U:bigYer:backYer, and the second one could be either :I:Iota or :I:Heta.

▼▼[G33]Ерь [maluk]Ь
{ЧX:30}1129611344
▼▼[G34][jat]IА,Ѣ[800][Ötirana glasna]
{ЧX:31}1129711345
Suzdatelüt na glagolicata e predvidil otdelni bykvi sus sobstveni očertania za ötiranite glasni ΙΑ,ΙΟ i ΙΟΥ.
Bykvata na tozi red e za ötiranata glasna ΙΑ.

Suzdatelüt na glagolicata ne e različaval slavänskiut zvyk E (ät, e dvojno) ot ötiranata glasna ΙΑ.
Poradi tova toj ne e predvidil bykva za slavänskiut zvyk E (ät, e dvojno), kakvato ima v kirilicata.
Sledovatelno,
v glagolicata ötiranata glasna ΙΑ (koäto e diftong) i glasniut zvyk E (ät, e dvojno) se označavat
s edna i suqa bykva , tazi na tozi red.
Poradi tova,
pod vlianieto na glagolicata i na proiznošenieto v ne̋koi našenski dialekti,
pone̋koga i v kirilicata
bykvata E (ät, e dvojno) se izpolzvala za označavaneto na diftongut (ötiranata glasna) ΙΑ.


The creator of Glagolitic has provided separate letters with own shapes for the iotated vowels ΙΑ,ΙΟ and ΙΟΥ.
This is the row of the iotated letter ΙA.

In his Slavic speech, the creator of Glagolitic did not distinguish the vowel E (Yat,Jat,LongE) and the iotated vowel ΙΑ.
That's why he did not provided a letter for the Slavic vowel E (Yat,Jat,LongE), unlike Cyrillic.
Therefore,
the iotated vowel ΙΑ, which is a diphthong, and the vowel E are denoted identically in Glagolitic
via the same letter , that on this row.
Therefore,
because of Glagolitic and because of the pronunciation in some regional Bulgarian dialects,
sometimes, the Cyrillic letter E (Yat,Jat,LongE)
was also used for the diphthong (iotated vowel) ΙΑ.

▼▼[G35][хлъмъ][H][Misteria]
{ЧX:32}1129811346
Edna ot trite "misteriozni" glagoličeski bykvi
Suzdadena kato suotvetstvie na latinskata bykva H.
Nariča se oqe "paäkoobrazno X".
Sreqala se samo četiri puti, i to vse v dymata "xulm".
Zatova se predpolaga, če "xulm" e bilo imeto na tazi bykva.


One of the three "mysterious" Glagolitic letters.
Probably, it was designed as a counterpart of the Roman letter H.

Sometimes, it is called "spider-like X".
Only four occurences of this letter exist, all of them in the word "xulm".
So, "xulm" is supposed to be the name of this letter.

▼▼[G36]ЮЮ[Ötirana glasna]
{ЧX:33}1129911347
Suzdatelüt na glagolicata e predvidil otdelni bykvi sus sobstveni očertania za ötiranite glasni ΙΑ,ΙΟ i ΙΟΥ.
Bykvata na tozi red e za ötiranata glasna ΙΟΥ ().


The creator of Glagolitic has provided separate letters with own shapes for the iotated vowels ΙΑ,ΙΟ and ΙΟΥ.
This is the row of the iotated letter ΙΟΥ ().

▼▼[G37][Ÿs maluk]Ѧ,Я[Nosovka]
{-}1130011348
Malkiut ÿs (prednata nosovka) e edinstvenata otdelna bykva v glagolicata za nosova glasna.

Tä yčastva v ligatyri za drygi bykvi za nosovki v glagolicata
i togava tä se nariča G38::ÿsov marker.

Malkiut ÿs i ÿsoviut marker zaemat dve susedni pozicii v Unicode
i samo zatova te zaemat i dva susedni reda v tablicata.


The LittleYus (the front nasal) is the only separate letter for nasal vowel in Glagolitic.

It participates in ligatures for other nasals.
As a part of a ligature, it is called G38::NasalMark.

The Glagolitic letters LittleYus and NasalMark have two adjacent positions in the Unicode
and therefore they are assigned two adjacent rows of the table: this one and the next one.

▼▼[G38][Ÿs znak][Nosovka, ÿsov marker]
{ЧX:34}1130111349
Ÿsoviut marker: tova e edinstvenata otdelna bykva v glagolicata za nosova glasna.

Ypotrebena samostoätelno, tazi bykva označava G37:Ⱔ:Ѧ:malkiut ÿs,
opisan na predišniut red ot tablicata.

Malkiut ÿs i ÿsoviut marker zaemat dve susedni pozicii v Unicode
i samo zatova te zaemat i dva susedni reda v tablicata.

Ÿsoviut marker yčastva v kraüt na ligatyri, koito označavat drygi nosovki:

Ÿsov marker sled bykva G18:Ⱁ:O dava G41:Ⱘ:U:Gole̋m ÿs.
Ÿsov marker sled bykva G39:Ⱖ:ΙΟ dava G42:Ⱙ:IU:Ötiran gole̋m ÿs.
Ÿsov marker sled bykva G06:Ⰵ:E dava G40:Ⱗ:IѦ:Ötiran maluk ÿs.


The NasalMark: this is the only separate Glagolitic letter for a nasal vowel.

Used by itself, this letter denotes the G37:Ⱔ:Ѧ:LittleYus:FrontNasal,
described on the previous row of the table.

The Glagolitic letters LittleYus and NasalMark have two adjacent positions in the Unicode
and therefore they are assigned two adjacent rows of the table: this one and the one above.

The NasalMark is used to terminate some ligatures which denote nasals:

NasalMark after G18:Ⱁ:O forms G41:Ⱘ:U:BigYus:BackNasal.
NasalMark after G39:Ⱖ:ΙΟ formsa G42:Ⱙ:IU:IotatedBackNasal.
NasalMark after G06:Ⰵ:E forms G40:Ⱗ:IѦ:IotatedFrontNasal.

▼▼[G39][öt][ıо][Ötirana glasna izvun ypotreba]
{ЧX:35}1130211350
Suzdatelüt na glagolicata e predvidil otdelni bykvi sus sobstveni očertania za ötiranite glasni ΙΑ,ΙΟ i ΙΟΥ.
Bykvata na tozi red e za ötiranata glasna ΙΟ.
Tuj kato v slavänskiut ezik ne̋malo zvykosučetanie ΙΟ, to tazi bykva ne se ypotrebävala.
Tä obače yčastva v ligatyrata za G42:Ⱙ:IU:golemiut ötiran ÿs.


The creator of Glagolitic has provided separate letters with own shapes for the iotated vowels ΙΑ,ΙΟ and ΙΟΥ.
This is the row of the iotated letter ΙO.
This letter has never been used by itself because there was no ΙO diphthong.
However, it participates in the ligature G42:Ⱙ:IU:IotatedBigYus.

▼▼[G40][Ÿs maluk ötiran][Ötirana glasna, nosovka]
{-}1130311351
Bykvata za ötiraniut maluk ÿs predstavläva ligatyra
ot bykvata G06:Ⰵ:E, posledvana ot G38::Ÿsoviut marker.

Tazi bykva e nenyžna.


This letter was to denote the IotatedLittleYus (IotatedFrontNasal) diphthong.
It is a ligature: the letter G06:Ⰵ:E is followed by the G38::NasalMark.

This letter was unnecessary.

▼▼[G41][Ÿs gole̋m]Ѫ[Nosovka]
{-}1130411352
Bykvata za golemiut ÿs (zadnata nosovka) predstavläva ligatyra
ot bykvata G18:Ⱁ:O, posledvana ot G38::Ÿsoviut marker.


This letter denotes the BigYus (BackNasal) vowel.
It is a ligature: the letter G18:Ⱁ:O is followed by the G38::NasalMark.

▼▼[G42][Ÿs gole̋m ötiran][Ötirana glasna, nosovka]
{-}1130511353
Bykvata za ötiraniut gole̋m ÿs predstavläva ligatyra
ot ötiranata bykva G39:Ⱖ:ΙΟ, posledvana ot G38::Ÿsoviut marker.

Ötiranata bykva G39:Ⱖ:ΙΟ se ypotrebäva samo kato čast ot ligatyrata za golemiut ötiran ÿs.


This letter denotes the IotatedBigYus (IotatedBackNasal) diphthong.
It is a ligature: the letter G39:Ⱖ:ΙΟ is followed by the G38::NasalMark.

The iotated letter G39:Ⱖ:ΙΟ is used only in this ligature.

▼▼[G43][θita]ΘΘ:Θητα:θita800[Piše se samo v grucki dymi]
{ЧX:36}1130611354
Pišela se e samo v dymi s grucki proizxod.
Označavala zvyk, kojto go ne̋ma v slavänski.
Veroätno originalnata bykva, ako takava e imalo, e bila zabravena.
Vposledstvie bykvata e polyčila formata si ot gruckata azbyka.


Used in Greek words only.
The sound denoted by this letter does not exist in Slavic.
Probably, there was another Glagolitic shape which was forgotten.
Later, the Greek shape was adopted.

▼▼[G44][υжица]υΥ:Υψιλον:υpsilonY[Piše se samo v grucki dymi]
{ЧX:37}1130711355
Pišela se e samo v dymi s grucki proizxod.
Označavala zvyk, kojto go ne̋ma v slavänski.
Za razlika ot predišnata bykva Θ:Θητα:θita,
tazi bykva Υ:Υψιλον:υpsilon ne e bila zabravena, poneže yčastva v ligatyrata G23::Oyku.


Used in Greek words only.
The sound denoted by this letter does not exist in Slavic.
This letter Υ:Υψιλον:υpsilon:Ypsilon participates in the ligature G23::OY
and has never been forgotten, unlike the previous letter Θ:Θητα:θita.

▼▼[G45][Щapič]Xurvatsko dopulnenie
{-}1130811356
Tazi bykva e xurvatsko dopulnenie kum glagolicata.
Pišeli ü na me̋stoto na izčeznul slab er.
Qapič značelo pručica.
Prisutstva v tazi tablica, samo zaqoto si ima Unicode.


This letter belongs to the Croatian complement to Glagolitic.
It was written at the places of a lost weak yer.
Its name means stick.
It is listed in the table just because it has a Unicode assigned.

▼▼[G46][Triugulno A]Xurvatsko dopulnenie
{-}1130911357
Tazi bykva e xurvatsko dopulnenie kum glagolicata.
Triugulnoto A e osoben način za izpisvane na bykvata G01:Ⰰ:Azu.
Prisutstva v tazi tablica, samo zaqoto si ima Unicode.


This letter belongs to the Croatian complement to Glagolitic.
This letter - triangle A - is a special way to write the letter G01:Ⰰ:Azu.
It is listed in the table just because it has a Unicode assigned.

▼▼[G47][Myslite]Xurvatsko dopulnenie
{-}1131011358
Tazi bykva e xurvatsko dopulnenie kum glagolicata.
Veroätno se e izpolzvala vmesto latinskata bykva M,
poneže originalnata glagoličeska bykva G16: e prekaleno složna za pisane.
Prisutstva v tazi tablica, samo zaqoto si ima Unicode.


This letter belongs to the Croatian complement to Glagolitic.
Probebly, it was used as the letter M,
as the original Glagolitic letter G16: is too hard to write.
It is listed in the table just because it has a Unicode assigned.

.. pokaži statiata ..





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