Friday, September 16, 2016

Definite Articles in Bulgarian: the true rule

Относно истинското правило за члѣнуване на имената в българският език

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Definite Articles in Bulgarian: the true rule


Bulgarian Language: Putting definite articles, first approach.

Note: In this text, substantives, adjectives, numerals and pronouns are all called nouns.
In order to express definiteness, in Bulgarian, usually, a definite article (or shortly article) is added to the noun as an ending.

The algorithm of putting article in Bulgarian can be represented as a chain of rules.
  • If some rule is applied, then the task is accomplished and no more rules are checked and applied. Therefore, the ten rules which follow will be also marked as exits.

  • Rule_1 (exit_1).
    • Applies to nouns in a form ending in -А or -Я(-JA): Singular-Plural does not matter, gender does not matter.
    • The article is -ТА.
    • The stress position does not change.
    • Examples: двата, хилядата, пѫтищата, рѣшенията, селата, краката, рамената, рѫката, рѣката, сѫдията, слугата, бащата, майката, войската, армията, никаквата.
    • eXamples: dvata, xiljadata, putiqata, resheniata, selata, krakata, ramenata, rukata, rekata, sudiata, slygata, baqata, majkata, vojskata, armiata, nikakvata.
    • Note: In Bulgarian (and also in Russian and German), no genders are distinguished in Plural.

  • Rule_2 (exit_2).
    • Applies to nouns in Plural (gender does not matter).
    • The article is -ТѢ (in jat-orthography: -ТѢ; in ОФ-orthography: -ТЕ, Romanized: -TE).
    • Examples: двѣтѣ, стотѣ́, рѫцѣтѣ, раменѣтѣ, градоветѣ, войскитѣ, армиитѣ, никаквитѣ.
    • eXamples: dvete, stotè, rucete, ramenete, gradovete, vojskite, armiite, nikakvite.
    • The stress position does not change.
    • Note: Numerals greater than 3 have the stress on the article.
    • Note: Moreover, numerals greater than 3 may take an archaic form of the article -тѣ̋х: десеттѣ̋х Божи заповѣди (desettehx Bozhi zapovedi).

  • Rule_3 (exit_3).
    • Applies to nouns ending in -О or -Е or -У or -Ю(JY) (gender does not matter).
    • The article is -ТО.
    • The stress position does not change.
    • Examples: дѣтето, телето, селото, рамото, рѣшението, чичото, Сийчето, морето, всичкото, аташето, менюто, парвенюто, гуруто, табуто, кенгуруто.
    • eXamples: deteto, teleto, seloto, ramoto, reshenieto, chichoto, Sijcheto, moreto, vsichkoto, atasheto, menjyto, parvenjyto, gyryto, tabyto, kengyryto.

  • Rule_4 (exit_4).
    • Applies to neuter nouns.
    • The article is -ТО.
    • The stress position does not change.
    • Examples: таксито, партито.
    • eXamples: taksito, partito.

  • Rule_5 (exit_5).
    • Applies to feminine nouns.
    • The article is -ТА.
    • The stress is moved to the article.
    • Examples: кръвта, младостта, калта, нощта, гнойта.
    • eXamples: kruvta, mladostta, kalta, noqta, gnojta.

    • Note: If the task has not been accomplished yet - if no rule has been applied yet - if no exit has been taken yet - then surely this is a masculine Singular noun.

    •
  • Rule_6 (exit_6).
    • Applies to (masculine Singular) nouns ending in И (I).
    • The article is -Я̌Т. Romanized: -UT.
    • In the natural orthography: -ЪТ̌.
    • The stress position does not change.
    • Examples: десетия̌т, мѫжкия̌т, женския̌т, старшия̌т.
    • Examples-nat: десетиът̌, мѫжкиът̌, женскиът̌, старшиът̌.
    • eXamples: desetiut, muzhkiut, zhenskiut, starshiut.

  • Rule_7 (exit_7).
    • Applies to (masculine Singular) nouns ending in Й (J).
    • The article is -Я̌Т having the final Й (J) built-in.
    • In romanization, the article is -UT.
    • In the natural orthography: -IЪТ̌ or -ЬТ̌ or -ЪТ̌.
    • The stress position does not change.
    • Examples: края̌т, героя̌т, ратая̌т, лакея̌т, критерия̌т.
    • Examples-nat: краıът̌, героıът̌, ратаıът̌, лакеът̌, критериът̌.
    • eXamples: krajut, gerojut, ratajut, lakejut, kriterijut.

  • Rule_8 (exit_8).
    • Applies to the (masculine Singular) adjectives, substantivated or not, and to the numeral един (edin=one).
    • An old article -И- is added first, then a new article -Я̌Т, and the result is -ИЯ̌Т.
    • Note: Having the old article -I- from Proto-Slavic, the so called full form of the adjective is rendered.
    • The stress position does not change.
    • In romanization, the new article is -UT.
    • In the natural orthography, the new article is -ЪТ̌.
    • Examples: болния̌т, здравия̌т, бѣлия̌т, черния̌т, голѣмия̌т, малкия̌т, добрия̌т, лошия̌т, другия̌т, единия̌т.
    • Examples-nat: болниът̌, здравиът̌, бѣлиът̌, черниът̌, голѣмиът̌, малкиът̌, добриът̌, лошиът̌, другиът̌, единиът̌.
    • eXamples: bolniut, zdraviut, beliut, cherniut, golemiut, malkiut, dobriut, loshiut, drygiut, ediniut.

  • Rule_9 (exit_9).
    • Applies to some substantives (masculine Singular nouns) ending in a historically soft consonant.
    • The article is -Я̌Т. Romanized, -JUT.
    • In the natural orthography, -ЬТ̌ or -IЪТ̌.
    • The stress position does not change except for the word деня̊т.
    • Examples: деня̊т, царя̌т, коня̌т, пѫдаря̌т, овчаря̌т, учителя̌т, огъня̌т, лакътя̌т, нокътя̌т.
    • Examples-nat: день̀т̌, царьт̌, коньт̌, пѫдарьт̌, овчарьт̌, учительт̌, огъньт̌, лакътьт̌, нокътьт̌.
    • Examples: denjùt, carjut, konjut, pudarjut, ovcharjut, ychiteljut, ogunjut, lakutjut, nokutjut.

    • Note: If exit 6 to 9 was taken, then please be aware that the Ъ vowel is built in the Я̌ letter and not the A vowel.
    • Note: Especially, If exit 9 was taken, then the article was officially written -ЬТ according to the pre-1945 orthography.

    •
  • Rule_10 (exit_10).
    • The last rule. The last exit which implies. (Applies to masculine Singular ending in a historically hard consonant.)
    • The article is -ЪТ. Romanized, -UT.
    • In the natural orthography, -ЪТ̌.
    • The stress position can change in monosyllabic words only, as marked in dictionaries.
    • Examples: носъ̀т, дѫбъ̀т, борът, градъ̀т, пѣтелът, лъвъ̀т, тигърът, отговорът, езикът.
    • Examples-nat: носъ̀т̌, дѫбъ̀т̌, борът̌, градъ̀т̌, пѣтелът̌, лъвъ̀т̌, тигърът̌, отговорът̌, езикът̌.
    • Examples: nosùt, dubùt, borut, gradùt, petelut, luvùt, tigurut, otgovorut, ezikut.

    • Note: Pronominal forms which can accept definite articles behave as adjectives.
    • Examples: мой=>моя̌т, твой=>твоя̌т, негови=>неговитѣ, всички=>всичкитѣ, ..
    • Examples-nat: мой=>моıът̌, твой=>твоıът̌, негови=>неговитѣ, всички=>всичкитѣ, ..
    • eXamples: moj=>mojut, tvoj=>tvojut, negovi=>negovite, vsichki=>vsichkite, ..
  • .. to the top ..

    •

The most important note: are things so complicated?

The final T (iT) of masculine Singular article -ЪТ/-Я̌Т/-ИЯ̌Т
can be omitted in speech. Also, iT can be omitted in spelling (in writing).

Usually, iT it is not pronounced and not heard.

Usually, listeners do not notice whether iT was pronounced or omitted in the speech. If they notice that, no special meaning is imposed, anyway.

A person reading a text in public is not obliged to pronounce iT if iT is written nor omit iT if iT is omitted.

According to the official ОФ-orthography, if iT is omitted in the article -ЪТ, a shortened article -А is usually written, since final -Ъ letters were not pronounced according to the pre-1945 orthography. Now, there is not a problem anymore shortening the article -ЪТ just to -Ъ.

In the so-called natural orthography, iT is written -Ť, the diacritic mark expressing that the T consonant is facultative in the speech.


The same most important note is being repeated - this time not ignoring the "regulations".

The final T (iT) of masculine Singular article -ЪТ/-Я̌Т/-ИЯ̌Т can be omitted in the speech.

Usually, iT it is not pronounced and not heard, i.e. iT is omitted in the speech.

Usually, listeners do not notice whether iT was pronounced or omitted in the speech. If they notice that, no special meaning is imposed, anyway.

A person reading a text in public is not obliged to pronounce iT if iT is written nor omit iT if iT is omitted.

If iT is written, the article is called to be full, and if iT is omitted, the article is called to be short.

According to the official ОФ-orthography, if iT is omitted in the article -ЪТ, then the short article is written -А.

According to the official ОФ-orthography, the following rule assigns different usage of the full and short articles.

Full articles are used with subjects and predicates (i.e. in Nominative).

Otherwise, short articles are used.

Exception: Nicknames usually take short articles even in Nominative.

Of course, the above rule is counterintuitive and not natural.
Rather, it is a clumsy fabrication of pseudo-scholars.
And of course, that rule is not obeyed in the practice.

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▼▼   Comments, Q&As  (.. hide the comments ..)  (.. show them collapsed ..)  (.. show them expanded ..)  .. to the top ..


If a question or a comment appears or my reply is necessary, I shall copy the question or the reply in this section here and my reply will go also here.
  • ►►  ::christo.tamarin, 2020-04-29 13:30:: (.. show this comment ..)
    • Definite Articles in Bulgarian: the role of the genders in the true rule, an Overview

    •
  • ►►  ::christo.tamarin, 2020-05-04 09:23:: Substantive nouns ending in a historically soft consonant

  • ▼▼  ::christo.tamarin, 2020-05-04 20:20::  (.. hide this comment ..)  (.. collapse it ..)  (.. expand it ..)  (.. hide and collapse all the comments ..)  (.. show them collapsed ..)  (.. show them expanded ..)  .. to the top ..
    • In Bulgarian, this text is provided in six orthographic variants.

      • ◄► All the four orthographic variants are based on
        • the orthoepic standard of the Bulgarian language..

      • ◄► Buttons are available to switch between orthographic variants.
        • Buttons are available on the top-right corner and also here below.

      • ◄► An orthographic variant can be classified as jakavian, ekavian or jatic
        • depending on how it reflects the old Ѣ (jat) vowel.

        • See the explanation in Bulgarian.

        • (.. hide the explanation ..)
          • According to the Bulgarian orthoepic standard, the old Ѣ (jat) vowel is usually rendered as E.
          • However, there are certain cases when it is rendered as JA (IA).

          • If the same letter (Ѣ, jat) is written regardless of the sound, then the orthography is classified as jatic. Further diacritic marks could specify the sound changed to JA (IA).

          • The orthography is classified as ekavian if the same letter Е is written everywhere regardless of the old vowel and regardless of the standard pronunciation, the same letter Е when the sound is Е or the old vowel was Ѣ (jat).

          • The orthography is classified as jakavian if it based on the current pronunciation only.

          • An jatic orthography was used for the Bulgarian language until 1945 when it was replaced by the jakavian one.

          • An jakavian orthography is neglecting dialectal differences. In 1945, the jakavian ОФ-orthography was introduced in order to give place to the new-born N.Macedonian language.

          • .. hide the explanation of jakavian-ekavian-jatic ..

      • ▼▼  Russophile, Serbomaniac: what does this mean for a Bulgarian orthography?  (.. hide ..)

        • An orthography for Bulgarian is classified as Russophile:
          • If it is based on the Cyrillic aplhapbet, and
          • it makes use of the letters Й, Я and Ю, which
          • imply the need of similar Cyrillic letters sounding ЙО-ЬО and ЙЪ-ЬЪ-ЙѪ-ЬѪ-JЪ-JѪ.
          • However, such letters are not necessary for the Russian language
          • and therefore such letters have not been created.

        • An orthography for Bulgarian is classified as Serbomaniac, if:
          • If it is based on the Cyrillic aplhapbet,
          • without being Russophile.
          • So, the letters Й, Я and Ю are not used.
          • The letter J is used both as a replacement of Й and as a soft sign.
          • Therefore, instead of Я, JА is written, and instead of Ю, JУ is written.
          • Therefore, there is no need of specific letters sounding JЪ or JО.

        • The natural orthography, which was introduced recently,
          • is based on the Cyrillic aplhapbet as well,
            but it is neither Russophile nor Serbomaniac.
          • It uses the letter dotless-ıota (I).
          • Both letters Ь and Й can be replaced by the dotless-ıota.
          • The dotless-ıota fits to join vowels rendering IO, IѪ, IЪ, IA.
          • Instead of ЙО or ЬО, IO should be used. It does differ from Ю.
          • The letters Й and Я are not banned, but are not needed anymore.
          • The letter Ь may be used to abbreviate IЪ.

        •  .. hide the definitions of Russophile and Serbomaniac ..  (.. hide this comment ..)  (.. collapse it ..)  (.. expand it ..)  (.. hide and collapse all the comments ..)  (.. show them collapsed ..)  (.. show them expanded ..)  .. to the top ..

      • ◄► The six orthographic variants follow.

      • Post-modern orthography  (.. hide details ..)  (.. hide the comment about the orthographic variants ..)  (.. collapse it ..)  (.. expand it ..)  .. to the top ..

      • ОФ-orthography  (.. hide details ..)  (.. hide the comment about the orthographic variants ..)  (.. collapse it ..)  (.. expand it ..)  .. to the top ..

      • Ekavian-Serbomaniac orthography  (.. hide details ..)  (.. hide the comment about the orthographic variants ..)  (.. collapse it ..)  (.. expand it ..)  .. to the top ..

      • Natural orthography  (.. hide details ..)  (.. hide the comment about the orthographic variants ..)  (.. collapse it ..)  (.. expand it ..)  .. to the top ..
        • Jatic, Cyrillic, neither Russophile nor Serbomaniac (.. see another description in Bulgarian ..)

        • This is my preferred orthographic variant for Bulgarian..
        • I am going to follow it in my writings on the internet.
        • Soon, after the upgrade of my keyboard layout.

        • This is a jatic orthography, not ekavian, not jakavian.
        • This is a jatic orthography. It does make use of the letter ѣ.
        • Please see where the letter Ѣ is written (in Bulgarian).

        • The natural orthography is very similar to the post-modern one.
          It is not Russophile, however.

        • It uses the letter dotless-ıota (I).
        • Both letters Ь and Й can be replaced by the dotless-ıota.
        • The dotless-ıota fits to join vowels rendering IO, IѪ, IЪ, IA.
        • Instead of ЙО or ЬО, IO should be used. It does differ from Ю.
        • The letter Ь may be used to abbreviate IЪ.
        • The letters Й and Я are not banned, but are not needed anymore.
        • After the letter И, the dotless-ıota should be omitted.
          Thus, in the natural orthography, both spellings Българиа and България are acceptable.

        • There are no differences in the usage of the letter Ю in the three orthographies: natural, post-modern and ОФ-orthography.

        • The letter ѫ (big jus) is restored.
        • At the following link, in Bulgarian,
          the usage of the letter Ѫ in the post-modern orthography is described.
        • The natural orthography expands the usage of the letter Ѫ beyond:
          in the verbal endings
          as well as in the pronomial forms неıѫ̨ and ıѫ̨.
        • The Ѫ̨/ѫ̨ letter takes diacritics to mark that
          another letter (А̨ or Я̨) is used in the post-modern orthography at that place.
          This is to allow automatic conversion from natural back to post-modern.

        • In the natural orthography, the Ъ vowel is never denoted by А nor by Я.
        • Verbal endings use ѫ̨ or ıѫ̨ for the Ъ vowel.
        • Masculine Singular definite articles are written like this: -ЪТ̌ or -IЪТ̌ or -ЬТ̌.
        • The final letter -Т̌ in the Masculine Singular definite articles takes diacritics to mark that the Т̌ sound is usually omitted in the speech.

        • The two letters џ/Џ and ђ/Ђ are introduced to denote the дж and жд sounds correspondingly.

        • Like the post-modern orthography, like the ОФ-orthography,
          unlike the pre-1945 jatic orthography,
          writing mute final yers is forbidden in the natural orthography.

        • (.. hide natural ..)  (.. hide the comment about the orthographic variants ..)  (.. collapse it ..)  (.. expand it ..)  (.. hide and collapse all the comments ..)  (.. show them collapsed ..)  (.. show them expanded ..)  .. to the top ..

      • Romanization of Bulgarian  (.. hide and collapse ..)  (.. hide details ..)  (.. expand to details ..)  (.. hide the comment about the orthographic variants ..)  (.. collapse it ..)  (.. expand it ..)  .. to the top ..
        • Ekavian orthography, Roman alphabet
        • Not Cyrillic, not Russophile, not Serbomaniac.

        • .. Orthographic rules of the Romanization of Bulgarian .. (.. hide the rules ..)  (.. show the rules in Bulgarian only ..)

          • This is not a transcription or transliteration from Cyrillic to Roman alphabet.
          • Tova ne e transkripcia na latinica.

          • Romanization is a new orthographic system for the Bulgarian language based on the Roman alphabet.
          • Tova e romanizacia - nova pravopisna sistema za bulgarskiut ezik, osnovana na latinskata azbyka.

            • Cyrillic-based orthographic systems for Bulgarian (e.g. the official ОФ-orthography) should not have any impact on the Romanization.
            • Ne biva da se vlijaete ot suqestvyvaqiut otechestveno-frontovski (OF-)pravopis, osnovan na kirilicata, validen v momentu.

          • Each Roman letter is assigned just one sound.
          • Vsehka bykva ot latinicata ima samo edno osnovno zvychene, bez varianti na proiznoshenieto.

            • Some Roman letters have also a modified version, no more than one.
            • Nehkoi latinski bykvi imat i modificiran variant, ne poveche ot edin.

            • The Roman letter H (hache) has not a sound assigned. Instead, it is used as a modifier of the previous letter.
            • Latinskata bykva H (h, xash, ejch) nehma sobstveno zvychene, a se izpolzva samo za modificirane na predishnata bykva.

            • The modified version of a letter can be produced either by a following modifier letter H or by a diacritic mark haček (caron) in a similar way as in Croatian, Slovak and Czech. Also, an iotized vowel can be denoted by a diaeresis above.
            • Osven s bykvata H, modificiraniut variant na edna bykva mozhe da se polychi i s diakritichen znak xachek ili dierezis nad bykvata, kakto v xurvatski, slovashki i cheshki.

          • The following table specifies the sounding of the Roman letters and their modified versions using Cyrillic letters.
          • Eto zvycheneto na vsehka bykva ot latinicata i na modificiraniut ih variant, ako ima takuv. Zvycheneto e pokazano s bykva ot kirilicata.

            • A a А Я ≠ Ѣ̋ JA Ja ja Ä ä
              BbБ
              CcЦЧCHChchČč
              DdД
              EeЕЯ = Ѣ̋EHEhehE̋e̋
              FfФ
              GgГЂ = ЖДGHGhghǦǧ
              IiИЍIHIhihÏï
              JjЙ
              KkК
              LlЛ
              MmМ
              NnН
              OoОЙО,ЬОJOJojoÖö
              PpП
              QqЩ
              RrР
              SsСШSHShshŠš
              TtТ
              UuЪЯ̌,Я̨,ЙЪ,ЬЪJUJujuÜü
              VvВ
              WwЎ
              XxХЏ = ДЖXHXhxhX̌x̌
              YyУЮJYJyjyŸÿ
              ZzЗЖZHZhzhŽž

            • Please note the sounds of the Roman letters X/Y/U/Q shown in red.
            • Molju zabelezhete zvycheneto na pokazanite v cherveno latinski bykvi X/Y/U/Q.

            • The modified letter ih (ï) is used in the short form of the personal pronoun Ѝ only.
            • Modificiranata latinska bykva ih (ï) se pishe samo za kratkoto lichno mestoimenie Ѝ.

            • The modified letter eh (e̋) is used to denote an old Ѣ which sounds JA according to the jakavian norm.
            • Modificiranata latinska bykva eh (e̋) se pishe na mehstoto na starata bykva Ѣ, kogato tja zvychi Я(JA).

            • In the Russophile orthographies of Bulgarian - the ОФ-orthography and the post-modern orthography, the letter Я is polyvalent.
            • V rysofilskite pravopisi za bulgarskiut ezik - i v otechestveno-frontovskiut, i v post-moderniut, bykvata Я e mnogoznachna.

              • It may sound JЪ and then it is written ju or ü in the Romanization.
              • Tja mozhe da zvychi JЪ i togava na latinica se pishe ju ili ü.

              • It may sound JA, being on the place of an old Ѣ sound, and then it is written eh or e̋ in the Romanization.
              • Tja mozhe da zvychi JA, namirajki se na mehstoto na star zvyk Ѣ, i togava na latinica se pishe eh ili e̋.

              • It may sound JA, without being on the place of an old Ѣ sound, and then it is written ja or ä in the Romanization.
              • Tja mozhe da zvychi JA, bez da е na mehstoto na star zvyk Ѣ, i togava na latinica se pishe ja ili ä.

          • Although not-Cyrillic based, this is a complete and adequate orthography for the Bulgarian language. It is no way inferior to other orthographic variants for Bulgarian, including the official ОФ-orthography .
          • Makar da e osnovana na latinicata, a ne na kirilicata, tova e pulnocenna pravopisna sistema za bulgarskiut ezik, kojato po niqo ne otstupva na vsehka dryga pravopisna sistema za bulgarskiut ezik, dori na validniut v momentu ОФ-pravopis.

            • This is not a simple transcription or transliteration from Cyrillic to Roman letters. The officially recommended rules of transcription and transliteration which exist are intended for people names and place names and not for longer texts. Moreover, they are aligned to either the English or the French orthography.
            • Tova ne e prosto transkripcia na latinica. Dosegashnite oficialno preporuchvani transkripcii su prednaznacheni samo za imena na xora, seliqa, ylici, no ne i za po-dulgi tekstove, i su prigodeni ili kum frenskiut, ili kum anglijskiut pravopis.

            • The suggested orthographic system - Romanization of Bulgarian - has been modulated especially for the Bulgarian language. It is not suitable for texts in French or English. It has been adapted for the convenience of writing and reading Bulgarian texts.
            • Predlaganata tyk pravopisna sistema e prigodena za bulgarskiut ezik. Tja durzhi smetka za ydobstvoto pri pisane i chetene na tekstove na bulgarski ezik, a ne na frenski ili anglijski tekstove.

            • The only obstacle is our tradition. The Bulgarian tradition is based on Cyrillic. We can hardly break with that tradition.
            • Edinstvenata prechka pred vuzpriemaneto na tazi pravopisna sistema e nashata tradicia, kojato se osnovava na kirilskata azbyka i s kojato ne mozhem da skusame.

          • The same text in various languages is provided below. It is to demonstrate that the Romanized text in Bulgarian looks pretty good in comparison with other Slavic languages (Croatian, Slovene, Slovak, Czech, Polish).
          • Mozhete lesno da se ybedite, che izmeghy slavjanskite ezici bulgarskite tekstove na latinica izgleghat naj-prilichno. Prosto sravnete bulgarski, xurvatski, slovenski, slovashki, cheshki, polski.

            • [EN] All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
            • [БГ] Bсички хора се рађат свободни и равни по достоинство и права. Tѣ сѫ надарени с разум и съвѣст и слѣдва да се отнасят помеђу си в дух на братство.
            • [BG] Vsichki xora se raghat svobodni i ravni po dostoinstvo i prava. Te su nadareni s razym i suvest i sledva da se otnasjat pomeghy si v dyx na bratstvo.
            • [BGD] Vsički xora se raǧat svobodni i ravni po dostoinstvo i prava. Te su nadareni s razym i suvest i sledva da se otnasät pomeǧy si v dyx na bratstvo.
            • [CRO] Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i savješću pa jedna prema drugima trebaju postupati u duhu bratstva.
            • [SL] Vsi ljudje se rodijo svobodni in imajo enako dostojanstvo in enake pravice. Obdarjeni so z razumom in vestjo in bi morali ravnati drug z drugim kakor bratje.
            • [SK] Všetci ľudia sa rodia slobodní a sebe rovní, čo sa týka ich dostojnosti a práv. Sú obdarení rozumom a majú navzájom jednať v bratskom duchu.
            • [CZ] Všichni lidé rodí se svobodní a sobě rovní co do důstojnosti a práv. Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství.
            • [POL] Wszyscy ludzie rodzą się wolni i równi pod względem swej godności i swych praw. Są oni obdarzeni rozumem i sumieniem i powinni postępować wobec innych w duchu braterstwa.
            • [ПОЛ] Вшисцъи луде роsѫ ся волни и рóвни под взглядъем свъей годносци и свъих прав. Сѫ они обдаржени розумъем и суменем и повинни постяповац вобецъ иннъих в духу братъерства.

            • The last row is to show that Polish texts could also look pretty good if written in Cyrillic. However, the Polish tradition is far away from Cyrillic.
            • Posledniut red mozhe bi qe Vi ybedi, che tekstovete na polski ezik bixu izgleghali po-dobre na kirilica. Polskata tradicia obache e dryga.

          • The suggested orthographic system - Romanization of Bulgarian - has a big advantage. Unlike the other three orthographic variants for Bulgarian discussed here, the Ъ sound is always denoted by the letter U assigned to it - including verbal endings and definite articles. In this way, the bad legacy caused by our former tradition of writing word-final mute Ъ letters has been overcome.
          • Predlaganata tyk pravopisna sistema za bulgarskiut ezik, osnovana na latinica, ima golehmo predimstvo. Zvykut Ъ vinugi se oznachava s bykvata U - i v glagolnite okonchania, i v opredelitelnite chlenove. Taka loshoto nasledstvo, porodeno ot nehkogashnata ni tradicia da pishem glyxonehmo Ъ v kraeslovieto, e preodolehno.

          • The suggested orthographic system - Romanization of Bulgarian - has also a big technical advantage. Only ASCII-7 characters can be used and the keyboard layout need not be changed.
          • Predlaganata tyk pravopisna sistema za bulgarskiut ezik, osnovana na latinica, ima i golehmo texnichesko predimstvo. Vsichki bykvi su ot naborut ASCII-7 i gi ima na amerikano-anglijskata klaviatyra, kojato e rodna za vseki kompjytur, tablet ili smartfon. Nehma nygha ot smehna na klaviatyrata.

          • Nonetheless, letters with diacritic marks can be used if more compact text is preferred. In that case another keyboard layout would be used, however.
          • Ako vse pak predpochitate po-stegnut tekst, to vmesto modificiraqata bykva H bixte mogli da izpolzvate bykvite s diakritichen znak. No qe imate nygha ot smehna na klaviatyrata.

          • .. Hide the Rules of the Romanization of Bulgarian ..
          • .. Skrij gi pravopisnite pravila za bulgarskata latinica ..

        • The Masculine Singular form of the definite article is written as -UT.

        • (.. hide Romanization ..)  (.. hide the comment about the orthographic variants ..)  (.. collapse it ..)  (.. expand it ..)  (.. hide and collapse all the comments ..)  (.. show them collapsed ..)  (.. show them expanded ..)  .. to the top ..

    • ◄►  (.. hide this comment ..)  (.. collapse it ..)  (.. expand it ..)  (.. hide and collapse all the comments ..)  (.. show them collapsed ..)  (.. show them expanded ..)  .. to the top ..

  • ►►  ::christo.tamarin, 2020-05-28 11:45:: How is arthromania combined with the case system remnants in Standard Bulgarian?

  • ►►  ::christo.tamarin, 2020-05-29 22:13:: How is arthromania combined with the case system remnants in some Bulgarian dialects?

  • ►►  ::christo.tamarin, 2020-06-05 12:11:: Combining arthromania with the case system remnants from a historical perspective

  • ►►  ::christo.tamarin, 2022-03-16 11:27:: Rules for the stress position have been added

  • ►►  ::christo.tamarin, 2024-06-24 10:07:: The natural orthography announced





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6 comments:

  1. ПламенNovember 2, 2021 at 10:16 AM

    Дали следната замяна на прекалено често използваният универсален предлог "на" е граматически правилна (приемайки, че Gen=Dat)?

    Безстрашният рицар пожелал ръката на дъщерята на краля. = Безстрашниът рицар пожелал краљутому дъщери рѫкѫтѫ.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Christo TamarinNovember 9, 2021 at 5:56 PM

    Да, изглеђа правилно. Прѣнебрѣгнат е члѣнът на думата дъщеря - може би "дъщеритой".

    ReplyDelete
  3. AnonymousJanuary 3, 2023 at 2:08 PM

    Този помашки пример "na górneneg káta ímame chétri hadayé." си го превеждам като "на горния етаж имаме четири стаи". Нали на всички новославянски езици родителният падеж в мъжки род се е превърнал във винителен само при одушевените предмети? Помаците го прехвърлят и върху неодушевените, така ли? И защо е "горненЕг", а не "горненОг"? Може би аз нещо се губя в превода?

    От примера "trâbava da slúshash stárehne" излиза, че и в множествено число има разлика между именителен и винителен падеж. В именителен е "старе", а във винителен е "старех". В старобългарски има ли такова различие или това също е помашко нововъведение?

    Обратно, горният пример "ímame chétri hadayé" не показва да има различие в множествено число?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Christo TamarinJanuary 20, 2023 at 3:34 PM

      В послѣднитѣ два примѣра има винителен падеж, съотвѣтно в одушевена члѣнувана версия и в неодушевена нечлѣнувана версия:

      da slúshash stárehne
      ímame chétri hadayé

      Члѣнът -ne вѣроятно е обобщен и не се мѣни по падеж.

      Смѣтна̨то е, че прилагателното "горен" има мѣка основа. В стандартния̌т български език само прилагателното "син" е такова. В руски има повече такива прилагателни: "синяя", "нижняя", "верхняя", "ближняя", .. Из нашенскитѣ диалекти мога̨т да се срѣщна̨т "горнята земя". Напримѣр, в "Запискитѣ по българскитѣ въстания" на Захари Стоянов: "С него заедно влѣзе и друг непознат господин .. с малко червено цвѣтице, забодено на най-горнята петелка на палтото му."

      Това не бих го смѣтна̨л за винителен падеж. По-скоро е нѣ̋какъв обобщен падеж за употрѣба слѣд прѣдлози, а конкретната форма е от стар родителен падеж.

      Delete
  4. AnonymousJune 14, 2023 at 9:14 AM

    От обяснението разбирам, че дателната форма на "краль" е "кралю" и ако искаме да я членуваме, трябва да добавим дателната форма на "тъ", която е "тому".

    Аналогично, дателната множествена форма на "краль" би трябвало да е "кралем" и за да я членуваме, е нужно да добавим дателната множествена форма на "тъ", която е "тям".

    На кралете държавите се наричат кралства.
    Кралемтям държавите се наричат кралства.

    Съществувала ли е наистина такава граматика в българския език или е само теоретична постановка?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Christo TamarinJune 17, 2023 at 9:39 AM

      Прав сте.

      В тази си форма езикът е сѫществувал нѣ̋кога във врѣмето като говорѝм език. Не е само теоретична постановка. А всѣки език си има граматика, сѫществуваща в главитѣ на носителитѣ му, която тѣ усвояват още в ранна дѣтска възраст.

      Писмени останки от стари артроманиални текстове на български има съвсѣм малко. При писане хората сѫ се придържали към по-стара форма на езикът, каквато тѣ чета̨т в Евангелието. Не само в България е било така.

      Delete

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