Notes about the Letter of Neacșu of Câmpulung [Блогът на Христо Тамарин][Christo Tamarin's blog]

Бѣлѣжки по писмото на Нѣкшу от Дългополе

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Notes about the Letter of Neacșu of Câmpulung

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1. The Letter of Neacșu: Basic Info
2. Defining the problem
3. The Letter of Neacșu: Original Text
4. The Letter of Neacșu: Translation
5. The Mixed Language of Neacșu's Letter Explained
6. The Modernity of the Românian Ethnonym Not Affected by Neacșu's Letter
7. Some notes which may be interesting to Bulgarians only
8. References
9. Comments, Q&As

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1. ▼▼ The Letter of Neacșu: Basic Info (.. hide ..) (.. collapse ..) (.. expand ..) .. to the top ..

►► The Letter of Neacșu (AD 1521) is the
- oldest surviving document written in the Românian (Romano-Balkanic, Balkano-Romance) language.
▼▼ The Letter of Neacșu (AD 1521) is the
- oldest surviving document written in the Românian (Romano-Balkanic, Balkano-Romance) language.
- The concept of Balkansprachbund has been introduced in order these three questions to be clarified:
  - How to place the Bulgarian language into the Slavic group of languages. Bulgarian is a Balkanized Slavic language. The Bulgarian language can be also designated as Balkano-Slavic (or Slavo-Balkanic) language. The other modern Slavic languages can be denoted as Neo-Slavic.
  - How to place the Românian language into the Romance group of languages. Românian is a Balkanized Romance language. The Românian language can be also designated as Balkano-Romance (or Romano-Balkanic) language. The other modern Romance languages can be denoted as Neo-Romance.
  - How Românian and Albanian are related.
  Our Balkano-Slavic Bulgarian language is a Slavic language, but not a Neo-Slavic language. Românian is a Romance language but not a Neo-Romance language.
- The oldest texts in Albanian (AD1462) and Balkano-Romance (AD1521: Wallachian, Românian) represent those languages in a completely Balkanized appearance.
- ►► The letter was written in Dlugopole and sent to Brașov.
- ▼▼ The letter was written in Dlugopole and sent to Brașov.
  - The distance between those two towns is about 85 km.
  - The name Dlugopole has been translated to Câmpulung.
  - The letter was found in Brașov, and so, it is sometimes referred to as the letter from Brașov.

◄► The letter was written by Neacșu, a boyar (noble man) and merchant of Dlugopole.
- ►► The letter was sent to Hans Benkner, the mayor of Brașov.
- ▼▼ The letter was sent to Hans Benkner, the mayor of Brașov.
  - Caution: Not to be confused with his son who had the same name Hans Benkner.

◄► The letter could be dated (AD 1521) reliably because the deeds of the Emperor sultan Suleiman the Magnificent were well documented.
- ►► A significant particularity of the letter: mixed language, Românian and Bulgarian.
- ▼▼ A significant particularity of the letter: mixed language, Românian and Bulgarian (Slavic).
  - About 18% of the words in the letter are in Bulgarian, not counting the words of Slavic etymology in the text in Românian.
  - The greetings at the beginning and at the end are in Bulgarian.
  - The Bulgarian expression "и пак" ("i pak", "moreover") is used 7 times to start any new section of the letter.
  - The letter has 7 such sections whose text is in Românian.
- ►► The Letter of Neacșu (AD 1521) was written in the Bulgarian alphabet, now called Cyrillic.
- ▼▼ The Letter of Neacșu (AD 1521) was written in the Bulgarian alphabet, now called Cyrillic.
  - The Bulgarian (Cyrillic) alphabet has been used in Wallachia and Moldova until the middle of the 19th century when it was replaced by the Roman alphabet in the recently established united România.
  - In the Soviet Moldova, another alphabet based on the new Russian Cyrillic alphabet was used.
  - The Cyrillic alphabet used in the Letter of Neacșu was the alphabet used in medieval Bulgaria.
- ◄► Yes, the Letter of Neacșu (AD 1521) is
  - the first preserved text written in Românian.
  - Additionally, the national mythology of România
  - assigns that letter another importance.
  - For the first time, of course, the following expression
  - was contained in it:
  - Țeara Rumânească, Цѣра Румънѣскъ, Romanian land.

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2. ▼▼ Defining the problem (.. hide ..) (.. collapse ..) (.. expand ..) .. to the top ..

In fact, two problems related to the Letter of Neacșu (AD 1521) are defined below.

►► Explain in a convenient way
- the mixed language (Românian and Bulgarian) of the letter.
▼▼ Explain in a convenient way
- the mixed language (Românian and Bulgarian) of the letter.
- The Letter of Neacșu (AD 1521) contains the oldest preserved text in the Românian language.
- Documents only in Bulgarian (in Slavic) are preserved on the territory of România, both older than Neacșu's letter and from more recent times.
- Moreover, the Old Bulgarian language has been used as the literary language - and as a lingua franca as well - in Wallachia and Moldova during several centuries.
- The Letter of Neacșu (AD 1521) arouses curiosity in its mixed language. The oldest preserved text in the Românian languages appears in that letter.
- Obviously, both the author-sender (Neacșu of Dlugopole) and the recipient (the mayor of Brașov) knew both languages, Bulgarian and Românian.
- Why was the letter not written just in one language, either in Bulgarian only or in Românian only?
- Answer (..show the answer..): ..
- Answer (..hide the answer..): The text in Românian played the role of cryptographic writing.

►► In the 16th century, what did the expression in question mean
- Țeara Rumânească, Цѣра Румънѣскъ, Romanian land?
▼▼ In the 16th century, what did the expression in question mean
- Țeara Rumânească, Цѣра Румънѣскъ, Romanian land?
- Answer (..show the answer..): ..
- Answer (..hide the answer..): It meant "Roman land". In particular, Rumelia.
- When dealing with national mythology, politics is also concerned, usually. Although, politics should not be related to mythology.
- Any attempt to inflict upon the national mythology usually resolves in a "bull on color red" style.

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3. ▼▼ The Letter of Neacșu: Original Text (.. hide ..) (.. collapse ..) (.. expand ..) .. to the top ..

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- The original text in Cyrillic according to the Russian Wikipedia.
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- The original text in Cyrillic according to the Russian Wikipedia:
- The text in Bulgarian is in bold.
- м(у)дром(у) и плeменитом(у) и чиститом(у) и б[o]гω(м) дapoванном(у) жупa(н) хань(ш) бe(г)нe(р) ѿ брашo(в) мнo(г)[o] з(д)равиe ѿ нѣ(к)шу(л) ѿ длъгoполe
- и пa(к) дау щирe дo(м)нïeталe зa лукру(л) ту(р)чилo(р) кум aмь aузи(т) єу къ ĩпърату(л) aу єши(т) дe(н) софïѧ ши aими(н)трѣ ну e ши сѣу ду(с) ĩ су(с) прe дунърe
- и пa(к) съ щïи дo(м)нïıатa къ aу вени(т) у(н) ω(м) дe лa никопoe дe мïe мѣ(у) спу(с) къ aу възу(т) ку ωкïи лои къ aу треку(т) чѣлe корабïи чe щïи ши дo(м)нïıатa прє дунърe ĩ су(с)
- и пак съ щïи къ багъ ден тотe ωрашелe кътe н̃ дe ωми(н) съ ффïe ĩн aжутo(р) ĩ корабïи
- и пак съ щïи куму сѣу принсъ нещe мe(ш)щe(р) дe(н) ц[a]ригрa(д) ку(м) ворь трѣчe aчѣлe корабïи лa локу(л) челa (ст)римту(л) чe щïи ши дo(м)нïıатa
- и пa(к) спуи дo(м)нïeталe дe лукру(л) лу мaхамe(т) бe(г) ку(м)у aмь aузит дe бoѧри чe сънть мeџïıа(ш) ши дe џeнерe мïу негрe куму ѧу дa(т) ĩпърату(л) слoбозïe лу мaхамe(т) бег прe иу иωи вa фи воѧ прен цѣрa румънѣскъ ıаръ єль съ трѣкъ
- и пa(к) съ щïи дo(м)нïıатa къ ape фрикъ марe ши бъсъраб дe aчe(л) лотру дe мaхамe(т) бe(г) мa(и) въртo(с) дe дo(м)нïeлe во(с)трe
- и пa(к) спуи дo(м)нïeталe кa мa(и) марелe мïу дe чe aмь ĩцелe(с) шï eу eу спуи дo(м)нïeталe ıар дo(м)нïıатa eщи ĩцeлепть ши aчѣстe куви(н)тe съ цïи дo(м)нïıатa лa тинe съ ну щïe уми(н) мулци ши дo(м)нïeлe во(с)трe съ въ пъзици ку(м) щици мa(и) бинe
- и б[oг]ь тe вe(с)[e]ли(т) aмï(н)ъ

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- The original text in normalized orthography according to the Românian Wikipedia.
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- The original text in normalized orthography according to the Românian Wikipedia:
- The text in Bulgarian is in bold and in normalized orthography.
- The text in Românian here is in modern Românian orthography according to the Românian Wikipedia.
- Мудрому и плeменитому и честитому и бoгом дapoванному жупaну Ханс Бeгнeр от Брашoва мнoгo здравиe от Нѣкшул от Длъгoполe.
- И пaк. Dau știre domnietale [za|despre] lucrul turcilor, cum am auzit eu că împăratul au ieșit den Sofiia și aimintrea nu e. Și se-au dus în sus pre Dunăre.
- И пaк. Să știi domniia-ta că au venit un om de la Nicopoe de mie mi-au spus că au văzut cu ochii lui că au trecut ceale corăbii ce știi și domniia-ta pre Dunăre în sus.
- И пaк. Să știi că bagă den toate orașele câte 50 de oamini să fie în ajutor în corăbii.
- И пaк. Să știi cumu se-au prins nește meșteri den Țarigrad cum vor treace aceale corabii la locul cela strimtul ce știi și domniia ta.
- И пaк. Spui domnietale de lucrul lu Mahamet-Beg, cum am auzit de boiari ce sânt megiiaș(i) și de genere-miu Negre, cumu i-au dat împăratul slobozie lui Mahamet-Beg, pre io-i (unde-i) va fi voia pren Țeara Rumânească iară el să treacă.
- И пaк. Să știi domniia ta că are frică mare și Băsărab de acel lotru de Mahamet-Beg, mai vârtos de domniele voastre.
- И пaк. Spui domnietale ca mai-marele miu de ce am înțeles și eu. Eu spui domnietale, iară domniia ta ești înțelept și aceaste cuvinte să ții domniiata la tine, să nu știe oamini mulți și domniele vostre să vă păziți cum știți mai bine.
- И Бог тe вeсeлит aминъ.

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4. ▼▼ The Letter of Neacșu: Translation (.. hide ..) (.. collapse ..) (.. expand ..) .. to the top ..

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- Translation into English according to the Wikipedia.
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- Translation into English according to the Wikipedia:
- The text originally in Bulgarian is in bold.
- To the most wise and noble and honoured and by God gifted master Hanăș Bengner [that is, Johannes Benkner] from Brașov much health from Neacșu from Câmpulung.
- Мудрому и плeменитому и честитому и бoгом дapoванному жупaну Ханс Бeгнeр от Брашoва мнoгo здравиe от Нѣкшул от Длъгoполe.
- And so. I let you know of the deeds of the Turks, as I have heard that the Emperor [that is, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent] has left Sofia, and that must be true. And went up the Danube.
- И пaк. Dau știre domnietale [za|despre] lucrul turcilor, cum am auzit eu că împăratul au ieșit den Sofiia și aimintrea nu e. Și se-au dus în sus pre Dunăre.
- And so. You should know that a man from Nicopolis came to me and told me they saw with their own eyes that those ships which you know about have sailed up the Danube.
- И пaк. Să știi domniia-ta că au venit un om de la Nicopoe de mie mi-au spus că au văzut cu ochii lui că au trecut ceale corăbii ce știi și domniia-ta pre Dunăre în sus.
- And so. You should know that they are taking 50 men from each town to help on the ships.
- И пaк. Să știi că bagă den toate orașele câte 50 de oamini să fie în ajutor în corăbii.
- And so. You should know that some experts from Tsarigrad [that is, Istanbul] realized how to make the ships to move past that tight place which you know too.
- И пaк. Să știi cumu se-au prins nește meșteri den Țarigrad cum vor treace aceale corabii la locul cela strimtul ce știi și domniia ta.
- And so. I tell you about the deed of Mahamet beg, as I heard from neighbouring boyars and from my son-in-law Negre, that the Emperor gave Mahamet-beg freedom to pass through Wallachia [Țeara Rumânească, lit. "the Românian land", this being also the first mention of the name "Romania" in a Românian text] wherever he pleases.
- И пaк. Spui domnietale de lucrul lu Mahamet-Beg, cum am auzit de boiari ce sânt megiiaș(i) și de genere-miu Negre, cumu i-au dat împăratul slobozie lui Mahamet-Beg, pre io-i (unde-i) va fi voia pren Țeara Rumânească iară el să treacă.
- And so. You should know that our Basarab too is fearful of that thief Mahamet-beg, even more so than you.
- И пaк. Să știi domniia ta că are frică mare și Băsărab de acel lotru de Mahamet-Beg, mai vârtos de domniele voastre.
- And so. I'm telling you as my superior about what I have found out. I am telling you, and you are wise and you should keep these words for yourself, so that no many people know, and you should take proper guard.
- И пaк. Spui domnietale ca mai-marele miu de ce am înțeles și eu. Eu spui domnietale, iară domniia ta ești înțelept și aceaste cuvinte să ții domniiata la tine, să nu știe oamini mulți și domniele vostre să vă păziți cum știți mai bine.
- And may God bring you happiness. Amen.
- И Бог тe вeсeлит aминъ.

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- Translation into English according to the Wikisource.
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- Translation into English according to the Wikisource:
- The text originally in Bulgarian is in bold.
- To the most wise and venerable and by God endowed master Hanas Benger of Braşov, all the best from Neacșu of Câmpulung.
- Мудрому и плeменитому и честитому и бoгом дapoванному жупaну Ханс Бeгнeр от Брашoва мнoгo здравиe от Нѣкшул от Длъгoполe.
- And again. I let Your Highness know of the Turks' deeds, as I heard that the Emperor has left Sofia, and sailed up the Danube, and the truth is no other, but this.
- И пaк. Dau știre domnietale [za|despre] lucrul turcilor, cum am auzit eu că împăratul au ieșit den Sofiia și aimintrea nu e. Și se-au dus în sus pre Dunăre.
- And again. You should know that a man from Nicopolis came to me and told me he saw with his own eyes that those ships, which you also know of, have sailed up the Danube.
- И пaк. Să știi domniia-ta că au venit un om de la Nicopoe de mie mi-au spus că au văzut cu ochii lui că au trecut ceale corăbii ce știi și domniia-ta pre Dunăre în sus.
- And again. You should know that they have fifty men from each town to help on the ships.
- И пaк. Să știi că bagă den toate orașele câte 50 de oamini să fie în ajutor în corăbii.
- And again. You should know how a few sailors from Tsarigrad found a way to steer the ships past that narrow place, which you also know of.
- И пaк. Să știi cumu se-au prins nește meșteri den Țarigrad cum vor treace aceale corabii la locul cela strimtul ce știi și domniia ta.
- And again. I tell you about the work of Mahamet beg, as I heard from neighbouring boyars and from my son-in-law, Negre, that the Emperor gave Mahamet beg freedom to pass through Wallachia whenever he pleases.
- И пaк. Spui domnietale de lucrul lu Mahamet-Beg, cum am auzit de boiari ce sânt megiiaș(i) și de genere-miu Negre, cumu i-au dat împăratul slobozie lui Mahamet-Beg, pre io-i (unde-i) va fi voia pren Țeara Rumânească iară el să treacă.
- And again. You should know that Basarab too is greatly fearful of that thief Mahamet beg, even more than Your Highness.
- И пaк. Să știi domniia ta că are frică mare și Băsărab de acel lotru de Mahamet-Beg, mai vârtos de domniele voastre.
- And again. I tell Your Highness, as you are my Lord, of what I had also understood. I am tell Your Highness these, and Your Highness are wise and you should keep these words for yourself and not let many people know, and you should prepare the best you can.
- И пaк. Spui domnietale ca mai-marele miu de ce am înțeles și eu. Eu spui domnietale, iară domniia ta ești înțelept și aceaste cuvinte să ții domniiata la tine, să nu știe oamini mulți și domniele vostre să vă păziți cum știți mai bine.
- And may God bring happiness upon you. Amen.
- И Бог тe вeсeлит aминъ.

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- Translation into Bulgarian according to the Bulgarian Wikipedia:
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- Translation into Bulgarian according to the Bulgarian Wikipedia:
- The text originally in Bulgarian is in bold.
- На мѫдрия̌т, племенития̌т и честития̌т и от Бога даруван жупан Ханаш Бенгнер от Брашов, много здраве от Нѣ̋шо от Дълго поле.
- Мудрому и плeменитому и честитому и бoгом дapoванному жупaну Ханс Бeгнeр от Брашoва мнoгo здравиe от Нѣкшул от Длъгoполe.
- И пaк. Извѣстявам те за дѣлата на турцитѣ, тъй като чух, че императорът е напуснал София, това трѣ̋бва да е вѣ̋рно, и е тръгнал нагорѣ по Дунавъ.
- И пaк. Dau știre domnietale [za|despre] lucrul turcilor, cum am auzit eu că împăratul au ieșit den Sofiia și aimintrea nu e. Și se-au dus în sus pre Dunăre.
- И пaк. Трѣ̋бва да знаеш, че човѣк от Никопол дойде при мен и ми каза, че сѫ видѣли със собственитѣ си очи, че корабитѣ, за които Ти знаеш, сѫ тръгнали нагорѣ по Дунавъ.
- И пaк. Să știi domniia-ta că au venit un om de la Nicopoe de mie mi-au spus că au văzut cu ochii lui că au trecut ceale corăbii ce știi și domniia-ta pre Dunăre în sus.
- И пaк. Трѣ̋бва да знаеш, че вземат по 50 мѫже от всѣки град, за да помагат за корабитѣ.
- И пaк. Să știi că bagă den toate orașele câte 50 de oamini să fie în ajutor în corăbii.
- И пaк. Да знаеш, че нѣ̋кои майстори от Цариград сѫ се научили как да правя̨т корабитѣ да минават по тѣснитѣ мѣста, за които Ти сѫщо знаеш.
- И пaк. Să știi cumu se-au prins nește meșteri den Țarigrad cum vor treace aceale corabii la locul cela strimtul ce știi și domniia ta.
- И пaк. Казвам ти за дѣлата на Мехмед бег, както чух от съсѣднитѣ боляри и от зет ми Негре (Черния̌т), че императорът е дал на Мехмед бег свобода да минава прѣз Влахия, откъдѣто си иска.
- И пaк. Spui domnietale de lucrul lu Mahamet-Beg, cum am auzit de boiari ce sânt megiiaș(i) și de genere-miu Negre, cumu i-au dat împăratul slobozie lui Mahamet-Beg, pre io-i (unde-i) va fi voia pren Țeara Rumânească iară el să treacă.
- И пaк. Трѣ̋бва да знаеш, че нашия̌т Басараб сѫщо се страхува от тоя крадец Мехмед бег, даже повече от тебе.
- И пaк. Să știi domniia ta că are frică mare și Băsărab de acel lotru de Mahamet-Beg, mai vârtos de domniele voastre.
- И пaк. Казвам ти като на мой господар за това какво узнах. Казвам ти на Тебе, и ти си мѫдър и трѣ̋бва да пазиш тѣзи думи за себе си, така че малко хора да зная̨т, и трѣ̋бва да вземеш съотвѣтни мѣрки.
- И пaк. Spui domnietale ca mai-marele miu de ce am înțeles și eu. Eu spui domnietale, iară domniia ta ești înțelept și aceaste cuvinte să ții domniiata la tine, să nu știe oamini mulți și domniele vostre să vă păziți cum știți mai bine.
- И Бог да те весели. (и да те весели, ощастливи Бог). Амин.
- И Бог тe вeсeлит aминъ.
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- Translation into Russian according to the Russian Wikipedia:
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- Translation into Russian according to the Russian Wikipedia:
- The text originally in Bulgarian is in bold.
- Мудрому и благородному, и почтенному, и Богом дарованному жупану Ханшу Бегнеру из Брашова много здравия от Някшула из Кымпулунга.
- Мудрому и плeменитому и честитому и бoгом дapoванному жупaну Ханс Бeгнeр от Брашoва мнoгo здравиe от Нѣкшул от Длъгoполe.
- И ещё. Да будет Тебе известно о делах турков, что я слышал, что император выехал из Софии, и иначе быть не может, и поехал вверх по Дунаю.
- И пaк. Dau știre domnietale [za|despre] lucrul turcilor, cum am auzit eu că împăratul au ieșit den Sofiia și aimintrea nu e. Și se-au dus în sus pre Dunăre.
- И ещё. Да будет Тебе известно, что приходил человек из Никополя, который мне сказал, что видел собственными глазами, что те корабли, кои тебе известны, прошли вверх по Дунаю.
- И пaк. Să știi domniia-ta că au venit un om de la Nicopoe de mie mi-au spus că au văzut cu ochii lui că au trecut ceale corăbii ce știi și domniia-ta pre Dunăre în sus.
- И ещё. Да будет тебе известно, что они забирают из каждого города по 50 человек для помощи на кораблях.
- И пaк. Să știi că bagă den toate orașele câte 50 de oamini să fie în ajutor în corăbii.
- И ещё. Да будет тебе известно, что мастера из Цариграда придумали, как провести эти корабли через то узкое место, которое и Тебе известно.
- И пaк. Să știi cumu se-au prins nește meșteri den Țarigrad cum vor treace aceale corabii la locul cela strimtul ce știi și domniia ta.
- И ещё. Скажу тебе о делах Махамет-бега, что я слышал от бояр по соседству и от зятя моего Негре, что император дал волю Махамет-бегу, когда тому угодно, через Валахию проехать.
- И пaк. Spui domnietale de lucrul lu Mahamet-Beg, cum am auzit de boiari ce sânt megiiaș(i) și de genere-miu Negre, cumu i-au dat împăratul slobozie lui Mahamet-Beg, pre io-i (unde-i) va fi voia pren Țeara Rumânească iară el să treacă.
- И ещё. Да будет тебе известно, что Бессараб тоже боится этого разбойника Махамет-бега, ещё сильнее, чем Вы.
- И пaк. Să știi domniia ta că are frică mare și Băsărab de acel lotru de Mahamet-Beg, mai vârtos de domniele voastre.
- И ещё. Говорю тебе как старшему то, что понял я. Я говорю тебе, а ты умён и слова эти сбережёшь при себе, чтобы много людей не знало, а вы берегите себя, как можно лучше.
- И пaк. Spui domnietale ca mai-marele miu de ce am înțeles și eu. Eu spui domnietale, iară domniia ta ești înțelept și aceaste cuvinte să ții domniiata la tine, să nu știe oamini mulți și domniele vostre să vă păziți cum știți mai bine.
- И пусть Бог тебя радует. Аминь.
- И Бог тe вeсeлит aминъ.
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5. ▼▼ The Mixed Language of Neacșu's Letter Explained (.. hide ..) (.. collapse ..) (.. expand ..) .. to the top ..

►► Explaining in a convenient way
- the mixed language (Românian and Bulgarian) of the letter -
- that was the first of the two problems related to Neacșu's letter which were defined:
- Why was the letter not written just in one language, either in Bulgarian only or in Românian only?
▼▼ Explaining in a convenient way
- the mixed language (Românian and Bulgarian) of the letter -
- that was the first of the two problems related to Neacșu's letter which were defined.
- The Letter of Neacșu (AD 1521) contains the oldest preserved text in the Românian language.
- Documents only in Bulgarian (in Slavic) are preserved on the territory of România, both older than Neacșu's letter and from more recent times.
- Moreover, the Old Bulgarian language has been used as the literary language - and as a lingua franca as well - in Wallachia and Moldova during several centuries.
- The Letter of Neacșu (AD 1521) arouses curiosity in its mixed language. The oldest preserved text in the Românian languages appears in that letter.
- Obviously, both the author-sender (Neacșu of Dlugopole) and the recipient (the mayor of Brașov) knew both languages, Bulgarian and Românian.
- Why was the letter not written just in one language, either in Bulgarian only or in Românian only?

►► It was more natural for Neacșu to write his letter in Bulgarian (Slavic) only.
▼▼ It was more natural for Neacșu to write his letter in Bulgarian (Slavic) only.
- Both the author-sender (Neacșu of Dlugopole) and the recipient (the mayor of Brașov) knew Bulgarian (Slavic).
- Old documents in Bulgarian (in Slavic) are preserved on the territory of România, both older than Neacșu's letter and from more recent times.
- While older texts in Românian are not preserved, although such documents should have existed.

►► On the territory of România,
- the Literacy rate in Bulgarian (in Slavic) exceeded
- the Literacy rate in Românian.
▼▼ On the territory of România,
- the Literacy rate in Bulgarian (in Slavic) exceeded
- the Literacy rate in Românian.
- Moreover, all over Europe, the Literacy rate was extremely low at that time.

►► This is the last section of the letter that solves the problem.
▼▼ This is the last section of the letter that solves the problem.
- (show the text).. I am telling you, and you are wise and you should keep these words for yourself, so that no many people know, ..
- (show the text).. I am tell Your Highness these, and Your Highness are wise and you should keep these words for yourself and not let many people know ..
- (show the text).. Eu spui domnietale, iară domniia ta ești înțelept și aceaste cuvinte să ții domniiata la tine, să nu știe oamini mulți, ..
- Neacșu, the writer of the letter, wished to keep in secret the information contained in his letter, in order not to reveal the spying channels.
- Hence, instead in Bulgarian (in Slavic), the information was passed in Românian (in Wallachian), "so that no many people knew".

◄► The text in Românian played the role of cryptographic writing.

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6. ▼▼ The Modernity of the Românian Ethnonym Not Affected by Neacșu's Letter (.. hide ..) (.. collapse ..) (.. expand ..) .. to the top ..

◄► Yes, the Letter of Neacșu (AD 1521) is
- the first preserved text written in Românian.
- Additionally, the national mythology of România
- assigns that letter another importance.
- For the first time, of course, the following expression
- was contained in it:
- Țeara Rumânească, Цѣра Румънѣскъ, Romanian land.

►► In the 16th century, what did the expression in question mean
- Țeara Rumânească, Цѣра Румънѣскъ, Romanian land -
- that was the second of the two problems related to Neacșu's letter which were defined.
▼▼ In the 16th century, what did the expression in question mean
- Țeara Rumânească, Цѣра Румънѣскъ, Romanian land -
- that was the second of the two problems related to Neacșu's letter which were defined.
- When dealing with national mythology, politics is also concerned, usually. Although, politics should not be related to mythology.
- Any attempt to inflict upon the national mythology usually resolves in a "bull on color red" style.

►► Among The Principles of My Outlook to the Past,
- The Imperial Principle Of Civilization goes first.
▼▼ Among The Principles of My Outlook to the Past,
- The Imperial Principle Of Civilization goes first:
  Historians cling on the imperial-civilizational principle, or to the Imperial Principle Of Civilization, by tradition. Attempts to revise it are not consistent. According to this principle, Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, ancient Greece and the fleeting empire of Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire and the empire of Charlemagne have more significance for history than all other events of those times.
►► So, in order to solve the second problem,
- we have to answer this question first:
- what may the Emperor have said.
▼▼ So, in order to solve the second problem,
- we have to answer this question first:
- what may the Emperor have said,
- what exactly did the Emperor himself say to Mahamet-beg.
- We should not start with interpreting Neacșu's words,
- we should not start with the question about what Neacșu meant in his letter:
- Neacșu meant just what the Emperor had said.
- By the way, this is the excerpt-in-question of Neacșu's letter:
- (show the text) .. i-au dat împăratul slobozie lui Mahamet-Beg, pre io-i (unde-i) va fi voia pren Țeara Rumânească iară el să treacă.
- (show the text) .. the Emperor gave Mahamet beg freedom to pass through Wallachia wherever he pleases. .. [Țeara Rumânească, lit. "the Românian land", this being also the first mention of the name "Romania" in a Românian text]
- (show the text) .. the Emperor gave Mahamet beg freedom to pass through Wallachia whenever he pleases. ..
- (show the text) .. императорът е дал на Мехмед бег свобода да минава прѣз Влахия, откъдѣто си иска., ..
- (show the text) .. император дал волю Махамет-бегу, когда тому угодно, через Валахию проехать.
- Let us notice the political hyper-correctness manifested in the translations to different languages. All the translators have 'a priori' the wrong assumption that Neacșu meant "Wallachia", the Wallachian land, the Principality of Wallachia, and interpret "Țeara Rumânească" as Wallachia, Влахия, Валахия. Nevertheless, the translators were correct not to put România conforming to the fact that the territory of Wallachia has never been named România before the 19th century, except in the Neacșu's letter itself.
- In fact, Neacșu could not have meant anything other than what the Emperor said, because Neacșu actually renarrates His words, the words of the Emperor. ▲▲
►► In fact, Neacșu could not have meant anything other than what the Emperor said, because Neacșu actually renarrates His words, the words of the Emperor.
- So, what may the Emperor have said.
▼▼ In fact, Neacșu could not have meant anything other than what the Emperor said, because Neacșu actually renarrates His words, the words of the Emperor.
- So, what may the Emperor have said.
- The Emperor might have said "Wallachian land": this is supposed by the Romanian national mythology and thus this is accepted world-wide by political correctness.
- However, much more probably, the Emperor just said "Roman land" or "Rumelian land" (which is the same) or simply Rumelia.
- ▲▲
►► Most probably, the Emperor said Rumelia.
- What his exact words might be.
▼▼ Most probably, the Emperor said Rumelia.
- What his exact words might be.
- In Turkish, He might have said Rum yeri which literally means "Roman land", "Romelian land". Or, in Ottoman Turkish, He may say روم ايلى‎, Rūm-ėli, Rumelia, with an Arabic word meaning "land" built in that expression.
- If the Emperor had to say "Wallachian land", it was very unusual for him to say "eflak yeri". Instead, He would say "Basarab yeri", the land of Basarab, naming the ruler of Wallachia.
- And, if the Emperor had said "Basarab yeri, "the land of Basarab", then Neacșu had to write "Țeara lui Basarab" in order not to misinterpret the Emperor's words.
- Anyway, most probably, the Emperor said (in Ottoman Turkish) روم ايلى‎, Rūm-ėli or Rum yeri, which literally means "Roman land, "Romelian land", and Neacșu literally translated it as Țeara Rumânească in an exact way.

►► Most probably, the Emperor said Rumelia.
- What may the Emperor have meant.
▼▼ Most probably, the Emperor said Rumelia.
- What may the Emperor have meant.
- A quote from Wikipedia:
  The term Rûm means "Roman", while Rumelia (Turkish: Rumeli) means "Land of the Romans" in Turkish, referring to the lands conquered by the Ottoman Turks from the Byzantine Empire, at the time still known as the Roman Empire (the neologism "Byzantine Empire" was coined only in 1557 by a German historian, Hieronymus Wolf, in his work Corpus Historiæ Byzantinæ).
  
  As such, "Roman" was long used in various languages around the Balkans to describe the lands of that empire.
  ..
  In old Latin Genoese documents it is known as Romania, the common name for the Byzantine Empire in the Middle Ages.
  ..
  .. starting from the second half of the 14th century, and the conquest of Constantinople (İstanbul) in 1453 by Mehmed II, the term Rumeli (Land of the Romans) was applied exclusively to define the Balkan regions of the Ottoman Empire, which remained primarily populated by Christians.
- Having said Rumelia (روم ايلى‎, Rūm-ėli in Ottoman Tukish or Rum yeri in Turkic-Turkish), the Emperor considered the whole European territory under His rule. When the Emperor, residing in Czarigrad-Constantinople-İstanbul, looked to the North, it was Rumelia. Now noone could say whether the land of Basarab was a part of Rumelia or was not. One could think it was, another could suppose it was not.
- According to the map of Rumelia in Wikipedia (..show it..), Rumelia covered all the Balkan peninsula except Transilvania, Croatia, Slovenia, and Montenegro.
- According to the map of Rumelia in Wikipedia (..hide the map..), Rumelia covered all the Balkan peninsula except Transilvania, Croatia, Slovenia, and Montenegro.
- On another map dated AD 1730 (..show it..), taken from Wikipedia again, we can see the Rumelian eyalet denoted as BEGLERBEGAT ROMANIA. It covered present-day Bulgaria, Albania, Macedonia, Kosovo, South of Serbia, the European part of Turkey, and Dobruca. In particular, that map demonstrates that the names Rumelia и Romānia are interchangeable.
- On another map dated AD 1730 (..hide the map..), taken from Wikipedia again, we can see the Rumelian eyalet denoted as BEGLERBEGAT ROMANIA. It covered present-day Bulgaria, Albania, Macedonia, Kosovo, South of Serbia, the European part of Turkey, and Dobruca. In particular, that map demonstrates that the names Rumelia и Romānia are interchangeable.
- So, having said Rumelia, the Emperor considered all European territory under His rule.
- The Emperor has charged Mahamet-beg with the Wallachian mission and has expressed His full confidence in him.
- In fact, He allowed him to go where he wanted to, to pass through wherever he pleases.
- The Emperor probably wished to ignore the details of the Wallachian mission, as He personally led another mission, a more important one, that towards Belgrade and Vienna. On His main direction, the Emperor captured Belgrade in AD 1521, Belgrade being a part of the Hungarian kingdom at that time, and later, in AD 1526, after the battle at Mohács, The Emperor conquered almost all the territory of Hungary permanently, for almost two centuries. However, the two sieges of Vienna were unfortunate for the Emperor: Vienna remained Christian during all thаt time. ▲▲
►► So, the Emperor said "Rumelia" and Neacșu passed His words literally, and exactly, as "Țeara Rumânească".
- Having said Rumelia, the Emperor considered all European territory under His rule.
- The Emperor has charged Mahamet-beg with the Wallachian mission and has expressed His full confidence in him.
- In fact, He allowed him to go where he wanted to, to pass through wherever he pleases.
▼▼ So, the Emperor said "Rumelia" and Neacșu passed His words literally, and exactly, as "Țeara Rumânească".
- Having said Rumelia, the Emperor considered all European territory under His rule.
- The Emperor has charged Mahamet-beg with the Wallachian mission and has expressed His full confidence in him.
- In fact, He allowed him to go where he wanted to, to pass through wherever he pleases.
- Indeed, Mahamet-beg was not allowed to pass through Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, but Mahamet-beg did not have those directions in mind.

►► If so, then translating "Țeara Rumânească" (the words in Neacșu's letter)
- as Wallachia is a misinterpretation of the Emperor's words.
▼▼ If so, then translating "Țeara Rumânească" (the words in Neacșu's letter)
- as Wallachia is a misinterpretation of the Emperor's words.
- The following translations are meant:
  - (show the text) .. the Emperor gave Mahamet beg freedom to pass through Wallachia wherever he pleases. .. [Țeara Rumânească, lit. "the Românian land", this being also the first mention of the name "Romania" in a Românian text]
  - (show the text) .. the Emperor gave Mahamet beg freedom to pass through Wallachia whenever he pleases. ..
  - (show the text) .. императорът е дал на Мехмед бег свобода да минава прѣз Влахия, откъдѣто си иска. ..
  - (show the text) .. император дал волю Махамет-бегу, когда тому угодно, через Валахию проехать.
- Those translations are to be corrected in this way:
  - (show the text) .. the Emperor gave Mahamet beg freedom to pass through Rumelia whenever he pleases. ..
  - (show the text) .. императорът е дал на Мехмед бег свобода да минава прѣз Румелия, откъдѣто си иска., ..
  - (show the text) .. император дал волю Махамет-бегу, когда тому угодно, через Румелию проехать.
- Moreover: translating "Țeara Rumânească" (the words in Neacșu's letter) as Wallachia is an act of discrimination against Moldova.
- Both Wallachia and Moldova are constituent parts of România. ▲▲

►► It is usually dissembled that, in the 19th century,
- România has usurped an ethnonym name
- which is a common heritage of all Balkan peoples.
▼▼ It is usually dissembled that, in the 19th century,
- România has usurped an ethnonym name
- which is a common heritage of all Balkan peoples.
- The 19th century is in the past, deeply in past. That usurpation happened in the past, it is an accomplished fact already, a fait accompli, and cannot be undone or repaired.
- Now, the FYRo Macedonia is trying to usurp a name which is also a common heritage of all Balkan peoples. It is Greece opposing, however.
- The heritage of the Roman Empire, of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was named Byzantium by the Western scholars post-mortem, is a common heritage of all Balkan peoples.
- Turks, Greeks, Bulgarians, Românians - we all have shares in that heritage.
- The Eastern Roman Empire, the Roman Empire, called by scholars now Byzantium, was called at that time simply the Roman Empire, Imperium Romanum, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑ ΡѠΜΑΙѠΝ, or shortly Romānia.
  - ◄► For instance, the name Romānia was attested in the inscription of Ivan Asen 2 in Tarnovo, dated AD 1230. In that inscription, the land to the South of Bulgaria and to the North of Constantinople was named Rōmānia:
    ИЗΛѢЗОХ ΝА БРАΝЬ ВЪ РѠМАΝИѪ
  - ►► On a map dated AD 1730, taken from Wikipedia again, and referenced here some lines above (..show it here..) (..show it there..), the Rumelian eyalet, covering present-day Bulgaria, Albania, Macedonia, Kosovo, South of Serbia, the European part of Turkey, and Dobruca, is denoted as BEGLERBEGAT ROMANIA.
  - ▼▼ On a map dated AD 1730, taken from Wikipedia again, and referenced here some lines above (..hide the map..), the Rumelian eyalet, covering present-day Bulgaria, Albania, Macedonia, Kosovo, South of Serbia, the European part of Turkey, and Dobruca, is denoted as BEGLERBEGAT ROMANIA.
- If Csarigrad-Constantinople-İstanbul was not conquered by the Muslims, then Bulgaria would be bordered by Romānia to the South, and the country to the North of Bulgarian would have another name, probably Wallachia instead of România. The reality is different, however: Bulgaria is now bordered by Turkey to the South and by România to the North.
- So, we have two concepts, two objects, and we need two terms for them.
  - The modern country named România which was formed in the 19th century as a union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia and which had military chances to expand its territory.
    In Bulgarian, it is called Румъ̨ния. In Russian - Румыния. In English - Romania, but I use România in this publication here.
  - The medieval Romānia, the Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire, the European territory, administrated by Czarigrad-Constantinople-İstanbul.
    In Bulgarian and Russian, it can be called Романия. In English, it is Romania again, but I use Romānia in this publication here.
- Finally: There is no ban and no intention to ban Greeks calling themselves Romaioi. There is no ban and no intention to ban the recently debulgarized folk of the Vardarian Macedonia calling themselves Macedonians. So, in this sense, it is quite natural for Wallachians and Moldovans to call themselves Românians. We all are orthodox Christians and have lived together under the influence of the Roman Empire, so called Romānia. ▲▲
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7. ▼▼ Some notes which may be interesting to Bulgarians only (.. hide ..) (.. collapse ..) (.. expand ..) .. to the top ..

◄► Neacșu's letter mentions the city of Sofia with its present name which has been already established at that time. And, Neacșu's letter is not the oldest document mentioning Sofia with its present name.

◄► The city of Constantinople-İstanbul is named with its Bulgarian (Slavic) name: Czarigrad (Цариград).

►► Bulgarians together with Wallachians and Moldovans
- formed one nation during several centuries in the past,
- one bilingual nation.
▼▼ Bulgarians together with Wallachians and Moldovans
- formed one nation during several centuries in the past,
- one bilingual nation.
- Neither Hellenophones could make the distinction,
- nor Bulgarians and Wallachians and Moldovans separated between.
- Taking Albanian-speaking Christians into considerations,
- they were included in the same multilingual nation.
- At Neacșu's time, Bulgarians and Wallachians were not distinguished yet.

►► About the letter Ъ.
▼▼ About the letter Ъ.
- В писмото си Нѣ̋кшу употрѣбява буквата Ъ "правилно", само за звукът Ъ.
- Налага се съпоставката със славяногласнитѣ българи на юг от Дунавът в началото на 19-ти вѣк: тѣ не знаѣли как, с коя буква, да означават звукът Ъ. Налага се и изводът, че грамотността на български език срѣд славяногласнитѣ българи на юг от Дунавът прѣз 17-ти и 18-ти вѣк е била на нулево равнище, щом сѫ забравили как да означават звукът Ъ.
- Нито Петър Берон (в Рибния̌т буквар от AD 1824), нито Неофит Рилски (в граматиката си от AD 1835) сѫ знаѣли как да означават звукът Ъ.
- Любен Каравелов и Христо Ботев употрѣбяват за звукът Ъ само буквата Ѫ.
- Едва в послѣдната четвърт на 19-ти вѣк за звукът Ъ се намира задоволително рѣшение в българския̌т правопис.

►► About the letter Ѣ.
▼▼ About the letter Ѣ.
- В писмото си Нѣ̋кшу употрѣбява буквата Ѣ "правилно", както в срѣдно-български.
- Напримѣр, в изразът Цѣра Румънѣскъ от писмото на Нѣ̋кшу звукът, означен с буквата Ѣ, е съзвучен със "Цѣ̋ла срѣ̋да мира нѣ̋мах."
- Според съврѣменния̌т румѫнски правопис на мѣ̋стото на буквата Ѣ се употрѣбява диграфът EA: Țeara Rumânească.
- Буквата Ѣ била прѣмахна̨та от българската азбука прѣз AD 1945 при така нарѣчената отечествено-фронтовска (ОФ) правописна реформа в духът на царящия̌т тогава национален нихилизъм.
- In my texts in Bulgarian in the internet, I am trying to restore the usage of the letter Ѣ.

►► About the letter Џ.
▼▼ About the letter Џ denoting ДЖ (DƷ) sound.
- В писмото на Нѣ̋кшу тази буква се срѣща два пѫти.
- Проблемитѣ с буквата Џ сѫ два:
  1. Кога и къдѣ тази буква е възникна̨ла и въведена в употрѣба за пръв пѫт.
    - Надѣђни източници като че ли нѣ̋ма и на въпросът не може да се отговори със сигурност.
    - Буквата Џ се срѣща в писмото на Нѣ̋кшу, а то пък съдържа първия̌т извѣстен текст на румѫнски език.
    - В сръбската wikipedia пише, че буквата Џ се е появила прѣз 15-ти вѣк в румѫнската кирилица като вариант на буквата Ч, а сръбскитѣ прѣписвачи сѫ почна̨ли да я̨ използват прѣз 17-ти вѣк.
      - .. Први пут се појављује у 15. веку, у Румунској ћирилици, као измењена форма слова Ч.[1] Српски преписивачи су почели да га користе у 17. веку. ..
    - Слѣдователно, буквата Џ сѫ я̨ създали книжовницитѣ от Влашко и оттам тя е била заимствана в Сърбия.
    - При това е възможно книжовницитѣ от Влашко да сѫ я̨ създали буквата Џ, докато сѫ писали на български (на славянски), понеже звукът Џ се срѣщал там в разни влашки названия и имена.
    - Възможно е сѫщо така книжовницитѣ от Влашко да сѫ я̨ въвели буквата Џ именно заради текстоветѣ на влашки език, и ако е така, то писмото на Нѣ̋кшу не е първия̌т текст на румѫнски.
  2. Защо тази буква я̨ нѣ̋ма сега в българската азбука.
    - Отговорът е ясен: нѣ̋ма я̨ в българската азбука, защото я̨ нѣ̋ма в руската.
    - Буквата Џ е включена в Рибния̌т буквар (AD 1824) на Петър Берон.
    - Сега тази буква Џ я̨ има в сръбската азбука, а оттам и в скопско-сърбоманската (македонската) азбука.
    - Българския̌т език има нуђа от тази буква в сѫщата степен, както и сръбския̌т.
- In my texts in the internet, I am trying to introduce the letter Џ to the Bulgarian alphabet.

◄► (.. hide ..) (.. collapse ..) (.. expand ..) .. to the top ..

8. ▼▼ References (.. hide ..) .. to the top ..

The Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung
Principles of My Outlook to the Past
Относно Balkansprachbund-ът: балканския̌т езиков съюз (in Bulgarian: About the Balkansprachbund)
Chase Faucheux, Language Classification and Manipulation in Romania and Moldova, Tulane University, Louisiana, 2006
The CV of Slavophonia
Wikipedia: Брашовско писмо (Писмото на Нѣкшу от Дългополе)
Wikipedia: Neacșu's letter
Wikipedia: Письмо боярина Някшу
Wikipedia: Scrisoarea lui Neacșu
Wikisource: Scrisoarea lui Neacșu din Câmpulung
Wikisource: Translation:The letter of Neacșu of Câmpulung
Wikipedia: Rumelia
(.. hide references ..) .. to the top ..

9. ▼▼ Comments, Q&As (.. hide ..) (.. collapse ..) (.. expand ..) .. to the top ..

If a question or a comment appears or my reply is necessary, I shall copy the question or the reply in this section here and my reply will go also here.

►► ::christo.tamarin, 2018-02-02 19:38:: Who was the Emperor.
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2018-02-02 19:38:: Who was the Emperor.
- The Emperor was Suleiman the Magnificent, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, having reigned in AD 1520..1566.
- Why was he called the Emperor?
- Because he was the Emperor of the Ottoman Empire.
- Because he was also the Roman Emperor (see Kayser-i Rûm on the right).
- Because he was called the Emperor in the Neacșu's letter itself, in the text in Românian.
- Because the main text of the letter is in Românian.
- If the text was in Bulgarian, then sultan Suleiman would be called Czar.
- Same as the city of Constantinople-İstanbul is called Czarigrad.
- Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent was the supreme ruler, the supreme Lord.
- The title of the supreme Lord in a specific language can be derived in the best way from the Lord's Prayer (Pater Noster, Our Father) [Matthew 6:9] in that language.
  - In English: king
    .. Thy kingdome come. Thy will be done ..
  - In Bulgarian: цар
    .. да дойде царството Ти, да бѫде волята Ти ..
  - In Greek: basileus
    .. ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία Σου ·γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά Σου, ..
  - In Românian: Emperor
    .. vie împărăţia Ta, facă-se voia Ta, ..
  - In Albanian: Emperor
    .. arthtë mbretëria Jote, u bëftë dëshira Jote, ..
  - Please refer to: Balkansprachbund-ът: балканския̌т езиков съюз: Lord's Prayer in Românian and Albanian.

►► ::christo.tamarin, 2018-02-02 20:11:: Who was Mahamet-beg? [Now, a hypothesis is available.]
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2018-02-02 20:11:: Who was Mahamet-beg?
- I do not know who Mahamet-beg, mentioned in Neacșu's letter, was.
- I suppose he was an descendent of Islamized aristocrates of Wallachia and he has aspirations towards that territory.
- If somebody knows who Mahamet-beg: comments are welcome here.
- 2021-06-06, facebook: Velizar Todorov suggested that Neacșu meant this person: Ayas Mehmed Pasha.

►► ::christo.tamarin, 2018-02-02 20:19:: Etymology of the name Neacșu.
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2018-02-02 20:19:: Etymology of the name Neacșu.
- Let's start with the Bulgaro-Wallachian name Voineagul/Войнѣ̋гул, related also to the Bulgarian name Voino/Войно.
- Voineagul/Войнѣ̋гул is then shortened to Neagul/Нѣ̋гул, a name which could be met in Bulgaria until recently.
- Neacșul/Нѣ̋кшул or Neacșu/Нѣ̋кшу/Нѣ̋гшу is a diminutive of Neagul/Нѣ̋гул:
- please compare to the affix șo/șu/шо/шу in many Bulgarian diminutives as Goșo/Гошо, Peșo/Пешо, Toșo/Тошо, ...
- Some probablility exists for the Bulgarian name Neșo/Нѣшо (and the corresponding female name Neșka/Нѣшка) to have been derived from Neacșu/Нѣ̋кшу, ...
- .. although it is supposed for them to have been derived from Nedealko/Недѣ̋лко/Kyriak, ...

►► ::christo.tamarin, 2018-02-02 21:18:: Two visions on the Balkansprachbund.
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2018-02-02 21:18:: Two visions on the Balkansprachbund.
- The concept of the Balkansprachbund is of great importance for the Românian language first and then for the Bulgarian language as well.
- The terms Disperse Vision and Focused Vision are related to the Balkansprachbund. Two hypotheses about the origins of the Românian language correspond to these visions:
  - the continuity hypothesis, and
  - the migration hypothesis.
- Please refer to: Balkansprachbund-ът: балканския̌т езиков съюз: The Two Visions (In Bulgarian, sorry).

◄► ::christo.tamarin, 2018-02-18 09:19:: Any help in translating this article into Românian is welcome.

►► ::christo.tamarin, 2018-07-05 19:31:: A letter written in Romanian dated AD 1514 was recently discovered.
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2018-07-05 19:31:: A letter written in Romanian dated AD 1514 was recently discovered.
- Attested information about it is not yet available. 7 years older than Neacșu's letter
- The letter originates from the region of Turnu-Severin. Obviously, unlike Neacșu's letter: it has no parts written in Bulgarian, and the words Romania and Romanian are not present in the letter.
- The letter was written by bishop Gherasie who expressed his affection towards Gheorghe Doja and therefore the letter was named Afurisenia lui Doja.
- Reference_1: Afurisania lui Doja – Primul manuscris în limba română.
- Reference_2: Аbout the newly discovered yet unattested document called "Afurisenia lui Doja", which may be the first document written in the Romanian language.
- Note_1 [2020-06-24]: The Reference_1 is a dead link now. The letter named Afurisenia lui Doja dated AD 1514 is not discussed. I may suppose that its authenticity is questionable.
- Note_2 [2020-06-24]: In general - in principle - the authenticity of all recently discovered historical artifacts should be questionable.

►► ::christo.tamarin, 2021-01-17 14:52:: When did the Romanian Orthodox Church abandon the Church-Slavonic language?
▼▼ ::christo.tamarin, 2021-01-17 14:52:: When did the Romanian Orthodox Church abandon the Church-Slavonic language?
- There is a statement here that the Romanian Orthodox Church passed from Church-Slavonic to Romanian about 1640.
  It is also important to remark that Romanian Orthodox Church, already since 1640s uses Romanian as its liturgical language, not Old Church Slavonic as before that.
- Many questions remain. Why and how was the Slavophonia swept out of the territory of modern Romania?
- Under which circumstances did the Romanian Orthodox Church abandon the Church-Slavonic?
- What the role of the religious conflicts in this was, conflicts between Orthodox, Uniate, Catholic and Protestant Christians?
- What the role of the Fener in this was? And was Fener involved at all?
- There should be some factor which raised the stutus of the Romanian language. If this act of the Romanian Orthodox Church was not that factor, then what else that factor was?

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Saturday, January 20, 2018

Notes about the Letter of Neacșu of Câmpulung

Ѣ-БЪ ѢѪ-БЪ ОФ-БЪ J-БЪ BG BGD РУС ENG Бѣлѣжки по писмото на Нѣ̋кшу от Дългополе

1. ►► Основни данни за писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

1. ▼▼ Основни данни за писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

2. ►► Постановка на проблемът (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

2. ▼▼ Постановка на проблемът (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

3. ►► Оригинален текст на писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

3. ▼▼ Оригинален текст на писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

4. ►► Прѣвод на писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

4. ▼▼ Прѣвод на писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

5. ►► Обяснение на смѣсения̌т език на писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

5. ▼▼ Обяснение на смѣсения̌т език на писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

6. ►► Писмото на Нѣ̋кшу и съврѣменния̌т характер на румѫнския̌т етноним (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

6. ▼▼ Писмото на Нѣ̋кшу и съврѣменния̌т характер на румѫнския̌т етноним (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

7. ►► Бѣлѣжки по писмото, които сѫ от интерес само за българската публика (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

7. ▼▼ Бѣлѣжки по писмото, които сѫ от интерес само за българската публика (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

8. ►► Прѣпратки (references) (.. покажи ги ..) .. към началото ..

8. ▼▼ Прѣпратки (references) (.. скрий ги ..) .. към началото ..

9. ►► Коментари, въпроси и отговори (comments, Q&As) (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

9. ▼▼ Коментари, въпроси и отговори (comments, Q&As) (.. скрий ги ..) (.. свий ги ..) (.. разгъни ги ..) .. към началото ..

Ѣ-БЪ ѢѪ-БЪ ОФ-БЪ J-БЪ BG BGD РУС ENG Бѣлѣжки по писмото на Нѣ̋кшу от Дългополе

1. ►► Основни данни за писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгънѫ̨то ..) .. към началото ..

1. ▼▼ Основни данни за писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

2. ►► Постановка на проблемът̌ (.. покажи ..) (.. разгънѫ̨то ..) .. към началото ..

2. ▼▼ Постановка на проблемът̌ (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

3. ►► Оригинален текст на писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгънѫ̨то ..) .. към началото ..

3. ▼▼ Оригинален текст на писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

4. ►► Прѣвод на писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгънѫ̨то ..) .. към началото ..

4. ▼▼ Прѣвод на писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

5. ►► Обяснение на смѣсениът̌ език на писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгънѫ̨то ..) .. към началото ..

5. ▼▼ Обяснение на смѣсениът̌ език на писмото на Нѣ̋кшу (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

6. ►► Писмото на Нѣ̋кшу и съврѣменниът̌ характер на румѫнскиът̌ етноним (.. покажи ..) (.. разгънѫ̨то ..) .. към началото ..

6. ▼▼ Писмото на Нѣ̋кшу и съврѣменниът̌ характер на румѫнскиът̌ етноним (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

7. ►► Бѣлѣжки по писмото, които сѫ от интерес само за българската публика (.. покажи ..) (.. разгънѫ̨то ..) .. към началото ..

7. ▼▼ Бѣлѣжки по писмото, които сѫ от интерес само за българската публика (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

8. ►► Прѣпратки (references) (.. покажи ги ..) .. към началото ..

8. ▼▼ Прѣпратки (references) (.. скрий ги ..) .. към началото ..

9. ►► Коментари, въпроси и отговори (comments, Q&As) (.. покажи ..) (.. разгънѫ̨то ..) .. към началото ..

9. ▼▼ Коментари, въпроси и отговори (comments, Q&As) (.. скрий ги ..) (.. свий ги ..) (.. разгъни ги ..) .. към началото ..

Ѣ-БЪ ѢѪ-БЪ ОФ-БЪ J-БЪ BG BGD РУС ENG Бележки по писмото на Ня̋кшу от Дългополе

1. ►► Основни данни за писмото на Ня̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

1. ▼▼ Основни данни за писмото на Ня̋кшу (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

2. ►► Постановка на проблемът (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

2. ▼▼ Постановка на проблемът (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

3. ►► Оригинален текст на писмото на Ня̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

3. ▼▼ Оригинален текст на писмото на Ня̋кшу (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

4. ►► Превод на писмото на Ня̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

4. ▼▼ Превод на писмото на Ня̋кшу (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

5. ►► Обяснение на смесения̌т език на писмото на Ня̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

5. ▼▼ Обяснение на смесения̌т език на писмото на Ня̋кшу (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

6. ►► Писмото на Ня̋кшу и съвременния̌т характер на румъ̨нския̌т етноним (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

6. ▼▼ Писмото на Ня̋кшу и съвременния̌т характер на румъ̨нския̌т етноним (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

7. ►► Бележки по писмото, които са̨ от интерес само за българската публика (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

7. ▼▼ Бележки по писмото, които са̨ от интерес само за българската публика (.. скрий ..) (.. свий ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

8. ►► Препратки (references) (.. покажи ги ..) .. към началото ..

8. ▼▼ Препратки (references) (.. скрий ги ..) .. към началото ..

9. ►► Коментари, въпроси и отговори (comments, Q&As) (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

9. ▼▼ Коментари, въпроси и отговори (comments, Q&As) (.. скрий ги ..) (.. свий ги ..) (.. разгъни ги ..) .. към началото ..

Ѣ-БЪ ѢѪ-БЪ ОФ-БЪ J-БЪ BG BGD РУС ENG Бележки по писмото на Не̋кшу от Дългополе

1. ►► Основни данни за писмото на Не̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

1. ▼▼ Основни данни за писмото на Не̋кшу (.. скриј ..) (.. свиј ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

2. ►► Постановка на проблемът (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

2. ▼▼ Постановка на проблемът (.. скриј ..) (.. свиј ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

3. ►► Оригинален текст на писмото на Не̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

3. ▼▼ Оригинален текст на писмото на Не̋кшу (.. скриј ..) (.. свиј ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

4. ►► Превод на писмото на Не̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

4. ▼▼ Превод на писмото на Не̋кшу (.. скриј ..) (.. свиј ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

5. ►► Објаснение на смесенијът език на писмото на Не̋кшу (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

5. ▼▼ Објаснение на смесенијът език на писмото на Не̋кшу (.. скриј ..) (.. свиј ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

6. ►► Писмото на Не̋кшу и съвременнијът характер на румѫнскијът етноним (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

6. ▼▼ Писмото на Не̋кшу и съвременнијът характер на румѫнскијът етноним (.. скриј ..) (.. свиј ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

7. ►► Бележки по писмото, които сѫ от интерес само за българската публика (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

7. ▼▼ Бележки по писмото, които сѫ от интерес само за българската публика (.. скриј ..) (.. свиј ..) (.. разгъни ..) .. към началото ..

8. ►► Препратки (references) (.. покажи ги ..) .. към началото ..

8. ▼▼ Препратки (references) (.. скриј ги ..) .. към началото ..

9. ►► Коментари, въпроси и отговори (comments, Q&As) (.. покажи ..) (.. разгъна̨то ..) .. към началото ..

9. ▼▼ Коментари, въпроси и отговори (comments, Q&As) (.. скриј ги ..) (.. свиј ги ..) (.. разгъни ги ..) .. към началото ..

Ѣ-БЪ ѢѪ-БЪ ОФ-БЪ J-БЪ BG BGD РУС ENG Belezhki po pismoto na Nehkshy ot Dulgopole

1. ►► Osnovni danni za pismoto na Nehkshy (.. pokazhi ..) (.. razgunuto ..) .. kum nachaloto ..

Бѣлѣжки по писмото на Нѣ̋кшу от Дългополе

Бѣлѣжки по писмото на Нѣ̋кшу от Дългополе

Бележки по писмото на Ня̋кшу от Дългополе

Бележки по писмото на Не̋кшу от Дългополе

Belezhki po pismoto na Nehkshy ot Dulgopole

Beležki po pismoto na Ne̋kšy ot Dulgopole

Заметки о письме Някшу из Долгополя

Notes about the Letter of Neacșu of Câmpulung